The best optical microscopes can see structures in the 200 – 400 nm range, at their limits of resolution.
The STM can “see” structures on the order of 0.1 nm —another SPM, the AFM—can distinguish things on the order of 100 nm .
Optical microscopes are “diffraction limited”—the wavelength range of visible light (400-750 nm) sets the size of the smallest thing that can be imaged: ~ 400 nm.
Scanning Probe Microscopes don’t use visible light—they depend on measuring intermolecular ....etc

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SYNOPSIS
This project is used for generating electrical power by simply running the train on the railway track. This project uses simple drive mechanism such as rack and pinion assembly and chain drive mechanism. The pushing power is converted into electrical energy by proper driving arrangement. A spring arrangement is provided at the top. As the train runs over the rails, the spring is compressed; rack and pinion converts the linear motion to the rotary motion. The larger sprocket is couple ....etc

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Single electron tunneling (SET) transistor

ABSTRACT
The chief problem that are faced by chip designers are regarding the size of the chip. According to Moores„¢s Law, the number of transistors on a chip will approximately double every 18 to 24 months. Moore\'s Law works largely through shrinking transistors-the circuits that carry electrical signals. By shrinking transistors, designers can squeeze more transistors into a chip. However, more transistors means more electricity and heat compressed into an even smaller space. F ....etc

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ABSTRACT:
The finite element program CRItical State Program (CRISP) has been used to model the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) in London Clay. The non-linear behavior of the London Clay was modeled by a Strain Dependent Modified Cam Clay (SDMCC) model and the tunnel lining was modeled by constant and time-dependent classic models. The construction process was modeled in two and three dimensions by removing soil elements in sequence. The tunnel lining was either assumed wished-in-place or introduced after the excavation of each pa ....etc

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SEMINAR ON-
CONVENTIONAL TUNNELLING
PRESENTED BY-
Namrata M. Lolge (09CM16F)
M. Tech. 1st sem
NITK
TUNNELLING TECHNIQUES



DEFINITION
A definition of Conventional Tunnelling can be the construction of underground openings of any shape with a cyclic construction process of-
1. excavation, by using the drill and blast methods or mechanical excavators (except any full face TBM)
2. mucking
3. placement of the primary support elements such as-
-steel ribs or lattice gir ....etc

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Abstract
This paper presents an analytic current model for capacitively coupled Single-Electron Tunneling Transistors (SETTs) that is based on a modified M-state steady-state master equation. Based on this current model we also derive a current noise model for SETT. To validate the proposed models we calculate their characteristics at different device parameters and different operation temperatures and compare them with the corresponding characteristics calculated by the full master equation method. The results indicate that the propo ....etc

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NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY Introduction
The Industrial Revolution of the 19th century ushered in new technologies. The spurt in inventions in that century was unprecedented in many ways. Some of these inventions involved use of natural resources like coal and oil. The thought of exhaustible nature of these resources and the environmental damage from the use of these resources never occurred either to the inventors or the subsequent generations. In the quest to sustain galloping economic activity, the dependence on ....etc

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Abstract
This paper describes Grasshopper, an operating system designed to provide generic mechanisms capable of being tailored to support a wide range of persistence paradigms. A constraint placed on this design is that the system must be implementable on conventional architectures which support paged virtual memory. In this paper the basic system abstractions relating to addressing environments, processes, and protection are described. It is shown that these provide explicit support for distributed persistent objects and processes, stabilit ....etc

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Abstract
New nanotechnology-based devices are being researchedto replace CMOS devices in order to overcome CMOStechnology’s scaling limitations. However, many such devicesexhibit nonmonotonic I–V characteristics and uncertain propertieswhich lead to the negative differential resistance (NDR)problem and the chaotic performance. This paper proposes twonew circuit simulation approaches that can effectively simulatenanotechnology devices with uncertain input sources and negativedifferential resistance problem. A new tool called NanoSim ....etc

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NON CONVENTIONAL I.C ENGINES


INTRODUCTION:

Engine: An engine is a device which transforms one form of energy in to another form. Normally most of the engines convert thermal to mechanical work and are called heat engines.

Heat Engines: It is a device which transforms chemical energy of a fuel into is Thermal energy and utilizes this to perform useful work. Thus, this Thermal energy converted to mechanical energy and are called heat engines.



Heat engines are cla ....etc

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