The vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is a type of semiconductor laser diode with laser beam emission perpendicular from the top surface, contrary to conventional edge-emitting semiconductor lasers (also in-plane lasers) which emit from surfaces formed by cleaving the individual chip out of a wafer.There are several advantages to producing VCSELs when compared with the production process of edge-emitting lasers. Edge-emitters cannot be tested until the end of the production process. If the edge-emitter does not work, whether due to ....etc

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Cavity magnetron


The cavity magnetron is a high-powered vacuum tube that generates
microwaves using the interaction of a stream of electrons with a
magnetic field. The 'resonant' cavity magnetron variant of the earlier
magnetron tube was invented by John Randall and Harry Boot in
1940. The high power of pulses from the cavity magnetron made
centimeter-band radar practical. Shorter wavelength radars allowed
detection of smaller objects. The compact cavity mag ....etc

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In an information society, where the primary preoccupation in life is the generation, dissemination and management of information, there is an ever-increasing appetite for computing power and interconnection bandwidth. In the coming era of teraflop computing and multi terabyte storage, multiple processors and large data stores will be interconnected with up to terabit per second aggregate bandwidth over distance extending from just centimeters to hundreds of meters. VCSEL based optical interconnections can meet the speed, distance and density d ....etc

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The most widely used semiconductor light sources are Light Emitting Diode (LEDs) and Lasers. Among these light sources, lasers have gained more importance due its directional properties high energy density.Laser is originated from light amplification by stimulated Emission of Radiation. The Laser is a source of highly directional, monochromatic, coherent light and finds many applications in a medical field, industries, optical communication systems, Entertainment electronics etc.There are many devices used to generate laser. Among these devic ....etc

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Explain the two cavity and Reflex klystron ....etc

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thank you i did not get this material on any other site. ....etc

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can i get two cavity klystron here {basic principle construction and proof}
urgently needed...... ....etc

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Vertical Cavity surface Emission Lasers (VCSEL) are lasers that emit light from their surface in contrast with regular ???edge emittersâ„¢. Also they have got a vertical cavity , as the name suggests, which enables surface emission.???Vixels??? , as they are commonly called ,have several superior characteristics compared to their edge emitting counter parts.

VCSEL Semiconductor micro laser diodes which emit light perpendicular to their PN junction in a cylindrical beam vertically from the surface of a fabricated wafer and feature circul ....etc

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CAVITY WALLS
INTRODUCTION
The term «cavity wall» is applied to a type of masonry wall construction in which a continuous air space or cavity is provided inside the wall.
A cavity wall therefore is actually two walls separated by an air space, but joined by means of metal ties for structural strength. They are extensively used in European countries, particularly Great Britain, where they have been developed as a means of obtaining protection from penetration of rain through masonry walls.
In recent y ....etc

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