ABSTRACT
PON-based access networks envisage the demonstration of scalability to allow gradual deployment of time and
wavelength multiplexed architectures in a single-platform without changes in fibre infrastructure and also
highly-efficient bandwidth allocation for service provision and upgrade on-demand. This is achieved by the
application of coarse-fine grooming to route reflective-ONUs of time and wavelength PONs collectively and the
development of MAC protocols enabling the OLT to dynamically assign available time slots among O ....etc

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ABSTRACT
In IP routing each packet travels from one router to the next, each router makes an independent forwarding decision for that packet. That is each router analyses packet header, and each router runs a network layer routing algorithm. Each router independently chooses a next hop for the packet, based on its analysis and the results of running the routing algorithm.
In conventional IP forwarding a particular router will typically consider two packets to be in the same FEC(forward equivalence class) if there i ....etc

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ABSTRACT
The ultrasonic location system is based on the principle of trilateration position finding by measurement of distances (the better-known principle of triangulation refers to position finding by measurement of angles). A short pulse of ultrasound is emitted from a transmitter (a Bat) attached to the object to be located, and we measure the times-of-flight of the pulse to receivers mounted at known points on the ceiling. The speed of sound in air is known, so we can calculate the distances from the Bat to each recei ....etc

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Introducing DWDM
The following discussion provides some background on why dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is an important innovation in optical networks and what benefits it can provide. We begin with a high-level view of the segments of the global network and the economic forces driving the revolution in fiber optic networks. We then examine the differences between traditional time-division multiplexing (TDM) and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Finally, we explore the advantages of this new technology. ....etc

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Multiplexing
• Enable two or more transmission sources to share a common circuit
• Most common forms – FDM and TDM
• FDM – associated with analog signal, simultaneous transmission
• TDM – associated with digital signal (could also be analog, but single frequency) with time slices
Frequency Division Multiplexing
• FDM
• Each signal is modulated to a different carrier frequency
• Carrier frequencies separated so signals do not overlap (guard bands)
• e.g. broadcast radio
• Channe ....etc

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MICRON- A Framework for Connection Establishment in Optical Networks
Submitted By
G. Bala Satish
Jitendra kumar Gond
Pankaj Kumar Pandey
Under the guidance of Mr.Asim Mukerjee
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
MNNIT Allahabad
Abstract
Traffic grooming in optical network has gained significance due to prevailing sub wavelength requirement of end users. Optical networks get upgraded to the latest technology slowly with time with only a subset of nodes being upgraded to the latest technology. The networks are ....etc

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1. Introduction
The nature of the public network has changed. Demand for Internet Protocol (IP) data is growing at a compound annual rate of between 100% and 800%1, while voice demand remains stable. What was once a predominantly circuit switched network handling mainly circuit switched voice traffic has become a circuit-switched network handling mainly IP data. Because the nature of the traffic is not well matched to the underlying technology, this network is proving very costly to scale. User spending has not increased ....etc

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WiMAX for Broadband Wireless Access
Presented By:
Karim M. El Defrawy
ICS
UCI-2005
Outline
What is WiMAX
802.16 Introduction
802.16 MAC Highlights
802.16 Reference Model
MAC Convergence Sub-Layer (CS)
MAC Common Part Sub-Layer (CPS)
MAC Privacy Sub-Layer (PS)
Questions
What is WiMAX?
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is the common name associated to the IEEE 802.16a/REVd/e

standards.

These standards are issued by the IEEE 802.16 subgroup that originally covered the Wireless Local Loop technol ....etc

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1. INTRODUCTION
Telemetry is the process of transfer of signals from one place to another without the help of any intermediate medium. It has become a necessary part of our lives nowadays. There isn’t any part where telemetry hasn’t been used by us. Whether its starting and controlling your TV using a remote or talking to a friend far away, say, in Gujarat, it is telemetry which has always come to our rescue.
Telemetry has its inception in the wireless technology, which was pioneered by Alexander Graham bell. Thr ....etc

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CWDM
ABSTRACT
Sending and receiving of messages from one place | U) another has always been a matter of great importance. So we should select the proper ! communication systems. Today optical fiber communication is widely used because of its advantages.
An important issue in the field of communication is the effective utilization of the capacity of a communication channel. Inorderto increase the capacity we use multiplexing techniques. WDM is a technique where modulated light from several sources of distinct wavelengths ....etc

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