Procedure:-
1. Rewrite the given difference equation to have only the output terms on the LHS and input terms to be on RHS
2. Create a Matrix of Y coefficients, a
3. Create a Matrix of X coefficients, b
4. Generate the input sequence x(n)
5. Find the output of the system for the input sequence x(n)
6. Plot the input and the output

MATLAB program for difference equation without initial condition
clear
close all
clc

% THE INPUT SEQUENCE IS X(N) = U(N)
% THE DIFFERENCE EQUATION IS Y(N) – 0.9Y(N-1)= X(N)
% N ....etc

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ASTN (Automatic Switched Transport Network) allows traffic paths to be set up through a switched network automatically. The term ASTN replaces the term ASON (Automatically Switched Optical Network) and is often used interchangeably with GMPLS (Generalized MPLS). This is not completely correct as GMPLS is a family of protocols, but ASON/ASTN is an optical/transport network architecture. The requirements of the ASON/ASTN architecture can be satisfied using GMPLS protocols developed by the IETF or by GMPLS protocols that have been modified by the ....etc

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In early 1997, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) established the Multi-protocol Label Switching (MPLS) working group to produce a unified and interoperable multilayer switching standard as each vendor (Cisco Systems, Lucent, and so on) developed a proprietary multilayer switching solution, maintaining the IP control component and label-swapping components in different ways. The majority of these multilayer switching solutions required an ATM transport because they could not operate over mixed media infrastructures, su ....etc

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Introduction

The emergence of optical transport systems has dramatically increased the raw capacity of optical networks and has enabled new sophisticated applications. For example, network-based storage, bandwidth leasing, data mirroring, add/drop multiplexing , dense wavelength division multiplexing , optical cross-connect , photonic cross-connect , and multiservice switching platforms are some of the devices that may make up an optical network and are expected to be the main carriers for the growth in data traffic.

....etc

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clear
close all
clc
% SOLVE THE GIVEN DIFFERENCE EQUATION Y(N) - 1.5Y(N-1) + 0.5Y(N-2) = X(N), N >= 0
% X(N) = (1/4)^n * U(N) SUBJECT TO Y(-1) = 4 AND Y(-2) = 10
% CALCULATE AND PLOT THE OUTPUT OF THE SYSTEM
% FIND THE TRANSFER FUNCTION OF THE GIVEN DIFFERENCE EQUATION H(Z) = Y(Z)/X(Z)
% NUMERATOR POLYNOMIAL IS a AND DENOMINATOR POLYNOMIAL IS b
% FOR THE ABOVE EXAMPLE b = AND a =

b = ;
a = ;
% FIND THE INITIAL CONDITIONS FOR THE INPUT X SUCH THAT THE GIVEN INITIAL CONDITIONS
% FOR Y ARE OBTAIN ....etc

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:heart:Multiprotocol Label Switching:heart:
In computer networking and telecommunications, Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a data-carrying mechanism that belongs to the family of packet-switched networks. MPLS operates at an OSI Model layer that is generally considered to lie between traditional definitions of Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) and Layer 3 (Network Layer), and thus is often referred to as a Layer 2.5 protocol. It was designed to provide a unified data-carrying service for both circuit-based clients and p ....etc

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ABSTRACT
In IP routing each packet travels from one router to the next, each router makes an independent forwarding decision for that packet. That is each router analyses packet header, and each router runs a network layer routing algorithm. Each router independently chooses a next hop for the packet, based on its analysis and the results of running the routing algorithm.
In conventional IP forwarding a particular router will typically consider two packets to be in the same FEC(forward equivalence class) if there i ....etc

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Presented by-
MOINUDDIN M SHIRBADGI


Abstract - Some form of simple control is needed for small induction motors. This paper proposes a simple speed control method for small induction motors using a simple calculation without the need for a speed sensor. In this method, the load torque is estimated from the detected power factor of the induction motor and the speed of the induction motor is compensated for by a frequency-boost technique. The boost frequency is selected from a data table measured before hand. Sa ....etc

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Plz as soon as You can Plz send me this seminar It is urgent to present ....etc

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RELAY PANEL & PLC.
Relay Panel – It is an operating on analog system.
PLC – It is an operating on digital system.
Relay Panel –The maximum time any change in input is reflected in any output is t1.
PLC – The maximum time any change in input is reflected in any output is t1+t2+…+ Tn.
Relay Panel –Since this is made from analogue components. It is possible to replace. A logic section without stopping execution of other logic sections if wired correctly.
PLC – This ....etc

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