02-08-2011, 12:48 PM
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Automotive Electronic Systems
Outlines
Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems
Emerging In-Vehicle Networks
Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems
Automotive Electronic Systems Today
Expanding Automotive Electronic Systems
Expanding Automotive Electronic Systems
The mature subsystems of automotive electronic systems
Powertrain/Body control—EMS, ABS, …
Themes of current stage
X-by-wirean ongoing revolution in vehicle electronics architecture
Themes of next stage
Infotainment= Entertainment + Communication + Information
Expanding Automotive Electronic Systems
Analysts estimate that more than 80 percent of all automotive innovation now stems from electronics
To embedded the electronic systems and silicon components—such as transistors, microprocessors, and diodes—into motor vehicles is the developing trend of automotive electronic systems
System Structure of ECU
System Structure of ECU
Example
Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems
System requirements
Standardization of functional interfaces
Share and reuse the existing components
Comprehensive safety
A high degree of comfort
Low energy consumption, and
Minimal pollutant emission
Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems
Issues of system development
Integrate and reuse the software and hardware cores from multiple vendors
Innovative functionality realized through interaction of formerly autonomous units (reconfigurable distributed systems/mechatronics)
Scalability to different vehicle and platform variants
Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems
Design Toolkits
Digital Transmission Capability
Transferability of functions throughout network
Maintainability throughout the whole “Product Life Cycle“
Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems
Issues of hardware development
Exhibit immunity from radio emissions
Reducing the hardware cost and size
With high computing power
Transient faults well be tolerated
Embedded network
A variety of sensor/actuator interface capabilities
Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems
Issues of software development
Real-time operating system
Software component paradigm
Software updates and upgrades over vehicle lifetime
Minimizing the cost and execution time of software components
Uniform data format and seamless software component interface
Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems
Rise of importance of software in the Car
Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems
Example of software cores (components)
Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems
Standardized systems (Open systems)
Management of automotive electronic systems complexity associated with growth in functional scope
Flexibility for product modification, upgrade and update
Scalability of solutions within and across product lines
Improved quality and reliability of automotive electronic systems
Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems
OSEK/VDX
OSEK/VDX is a joint project of the automotive industry (1993)
It aims at an industry standard for an open-ended architecture for distributed control units in vehicles
Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems
The term OSEK means ”Offene Systeme und deren Schnittstellen für die Elektronik im Kraftfahrzeug” (Open systems and the corresponding interfaces for automotive electronics).
The term VDX means „Vehicle Distributed eXecutive“
Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems
The OSEK/VDX specifies
Real-time operating system
Software interfaces and functions for communication, and
Software for network management
Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems
Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems
Automotive Open System Architecture (AUTOSAR):
Standardization of different APIs to separate the AUTOSAR software layers
Encapsulation of functional software-components
Definition of the data types of the software-components
Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems
Identification of basic software modules of the software infrastructure and standardize their interfaces
Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems
Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems
Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems
One ECU example
Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems
Emerging In-Vehicle Networks
Introduction
In-vehicle networks
Connect the vehicle's electronic equipments
Facilitate the sharing of information and resources among the distributed applications
These control and communications networks are based on serial protocols, replacing wire harnesses with in-vehicle networks
Change the point-to-point wiring of centralized ECUs to the in-vehicle networking of distributed ECUs
Introduction
Aims of In-Vehicle Network
Open Standard
Ease to Use
Cost Reduction
Improved Quality
Introduction
Benefits of In-Vehicle Network
More reliable cars
More functionality at lower price
Standardization of interfaces and components
Faster introduction of new technologies
Functional Extendibility
Introduction
Decreasing wiring harness weight and complexity
Electronic Control Units are shrinking and are directly applied to actuators and sensors
Roadmap of in-vehicle networks
Protocol Comparison
Protocol Comparison
Class A (<20 kbit/s) : LIN, CAN
Class B (50-500 kbit/s) : CAN, J1850
MMedia (> 20 Mbit/s) : MOST, Firewire
Wireless : GSM, Bluetooth
Safety : Byteflight, TTP/C, Flexray
Overview of In-Vehicle Networks
D2B (Domestic Data Bus )
Matsushita and Philips jointly developed
Has promoted since 1992
D2B was designed for audio-video communications, computer peripherals, and automotive media applications
The Mercedes-Benz S-class vehicle uses the D2B optical bus to network the car radio, autopilot and CD systems
The Tele-Aid connection, cellular phone, and Linguatronic voice-recognition application
Overview of In-Vehicle Networks
Media-Oriented Systems Transport (MOST)
It was initiated in 1997
Supports both time-triggered and event-triggered traffic with predictable frame transmission at speeds of 25Mbps
Using plastic optic fiber as communication medium
Overview of In-Vehicle Networks
The interconnection of telematics and infotainment such as video displays, GPS navigation systems, active speaker and digital radio
More than 50 firms—including Audi, BMW, Daimler-Chrysler, Becker Automotive, and Oasis Silicon Systems—developed the protocol under the MOST Cooperative
Overview of In-Vehicle Networks
Time-triggered protocol (TTP)
It was released in 1998
It is a pure time-triggered TDMA protocol
Frames are sent at speeds of 5-25Mbps depending on the physical medium
Designed for real-time distributed systems that are hard and fault tolerant
It is going on to reach speeds of 1Gbps using an Ethernet based star architecture
Overview of In-Vehicle Networks
FlexRay
FlexRay is a fault-tolerant protocol designed for high-data-rate, advanced-control applications, such as X-by-wire systems (high-speed safety-critical automotive systems)
Provides both time-triggered and event-triggered message transmission
Messages are sent at 10Mbps
Overview of In-Vehicle Networks
Both electrical and optical solutions are adopted for the physical layer
The ECUs are interconnected using either a passive bus topology or an active star topology
FlexRay complements CAN and LIN being suitable for both powertrain systems and XBW systems
Overview of In-Vehicle Networks
Byteflight
Developed from 1996 by BMW
A flexible time-division multiple access (TDMA) protocol using a star topology for safety-related applications
Messages are sent in frames at 10Mbps support for event-triggered message transmission
Overview of In-Vehicle Networks
Guarantees deterministic (constant) latencies for a bounded number of high priority real-time message
The physical medium used is plastic optical fiber
Byteflight can be used with devices such as air bags and sear-belt tensioners
Byteflight is a very high performance network with many of the features necessary for X-by-wire
Overview of In-Vehicle Networks
Bluetooth
An open specification for an inexpensive, short-range (10-100 meters), low power, miniature radio network.
Easy and instantaneous connections between Bluetooth-enabled devices without the need for cables
vehicular uses for Bluetooth include hands-free phone sets; portable DVD, CD, and MP3 drives; diagnostic equipment; and handheld computers
Overview of In-Vehicle Networks
Controller area network (CAN)
Was initiated in 1981 and developed by Bosch developed the controller
Message frames are transmitted in an event-triggered fashion
Up to 1Mbps transmission speed
It is a robust, cost-effective general control network, but certain niche applications demand more specialized control networks.
Overview of In-Vehicle Networks
The SAE J1850 Standard
supports two main alternatives, a 41.6 kbps PWM approach (dual wires), and a 10.4kbps VPW (single wire) approach.
Overview of In-Vehicle Networks
Local interconnect network (LIN)
A master-slave, time-triggered protocol
As a low-speed (20kbps), single-wire
LIN is meant to page link to relatively higher-speed networks like CAN
LIN reveals the security of serial networks in cars
Overview of In-Vehicle Networks
network is used in on-off devices such as car seats, door locks, sunroofs, rain sensors, and door mirrors
