CLOUD COMPUTING

1. Abstract

This paper describes cloud computing, a computing platform for the next generation of the Internet. The paper defines clouds, explains the business benefits of cloud computing, and outlines cloud architecture and its major components. Readers will discover how a business can use cloud computing to foster innovation and reduce IT costs. IntroductionEnterprises strive to reduce computing costs. Many start by consolidating their IT operations and later introducing virtualization technologies. Cloud computing takes these steps to a new leveland allows an organization to further reduce costs through improved utilization, reduced administration and infrastructure costs, and faster deployment cycles. The cloud is a next generation platform that provides dynamic resource pools, virtualization, and high availability.

Cloud computing describes both a platform and a type of application. A cloud computing platform dynamically provisions, configures, reconfigures, and deprovisions servers as needed. Cloud applications are applications that are extended to be accessible through the Internet. These cloud applications use large data centers and powerful servers that host Web applications andWeb services.

2.Introduction

Cloud computing infrastructure accelerates and fosters the adoption of innovations Enterprises are increasingly making innovation their highest priority. They realize they need to seek new ideas and unlock new sources of value. Driven by the pressure to cut costs and grow”simultaneously”they realize that it™s not possible to succeed simply by doing the same thingsbetter. They know they have to do new things that produce better results. Cloud computing enables innovation. It alleviates the need of innovators to find resources to develop, test, and make their innovations available to the user community. Innovators are free to focus on the innovation rather than the logistics of finding and managing resources that enable the innovation. Cloud computing helps leverage innovation as early as possible to deliver businessvalue to IBM and its customers. Fostering innovation requires unprecedented flexibility and responsiveness. The enterprise should provide an ecosystem where innovators are not hindered by excessive processes, rules, and resource constraints. In this context, a cloud computing service is a necessity. It comprises an automated framework that can deliver standardized services quickly and cheaply. Cloud computing is a term used to describe both a platform and type of application. A cloud computing platform dynamically provisions, configures, reconfigures, and deprovisions servers as needed. Servers in the cloud can be physical machines or virtual machines. Advanced clouds typically include other computing resources such as storage area networks (SANs),network equipment, firewall and other security devices. Cloud computing also describes pplications that are extended to be accessible through the Internet. These cloud applications use large data centers and powerful servers that host Webapplications and Web services. Anyone with a suitable nternet connection and a standardbrowser can access a cloud application.

3.Definition

A cloud is a pool of virtualized computer resources. A cloud can:


. Host a variety of different workloads, including batch-style back-end jobs and interactive,user-facing applications

. Allow workloads to be deployed and scaledout quickly through the rapid provisioning of virtual machines or physical machines

. Support redundant, self-recovering, highly scalable programming models that allow workloads to recover from many unavoidable hardware/software failures

. Monitor resource use in real time to enable rebalancing of allocations when needed Cloud computing environments support grid computing by quickly providing physical and virtualservers on which the grid applications can run

. Cloud computing should not be confused with grid computing

. Grid computing involves dividing a large task into many smaller tasks that runin parallel on separate servers

. Grids require many computers, typically in the thousands, andcommonly use servers, desktops, and laptops. Clouds also support nongrid environments, such as a three-tier Web architecture running standardor Web 2.0 applications. A cloud is more than a collection of computer resources because acloud provides a mechanism to manage those resources. Management includes provisioning, change requests, reimaging, workload rebalancing, deprovisioning, and monitoring.

¢ Benefits

Cloud computing infrastructures can allow enterprises to achieve more efficient use of their IThardware and software investments. They do this by breaking down the physical barriers inherentin isolated systems, and automating the management of the group of systems as a single entity. Cloud computing is an example of an ultimately virtualized system, and a natural evolution for data centers that employ automated systems management, workload balancing, and virtualizationtechnologies. A cloud infrastructure can be a cost efficient model for delivering information services, reducingIT management complexity, promoting innovation, and increasing responsiveness through realtime workload balancing. The Cloud makes it possible to launch Web 2.0 applications quickly and to scale up applicationsas much as needed when needed.

The platform supports traditional Java„¢ and Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP (LAMP) stack-based applications as well as new architectures such as MapReduceand the Google File System, which provide a means to scale applications across thousands ofservers instantly architecture



4. Enabling

Technologies

4.1. Cloud Computing Application Architecture



This gives the basic architecture of a cloud computing application. We know that cloud computing is the shift of computing to a host of hardware infrastructure thatis distributed in the cloud. The commodity hardware infrastructure consists of thevarious low cost data servers that are connected to the system and provide theirstorage and processing and other computing resources to the application. Cloudcomputing involves running applications on virtual servers that are allocated on thisdistributed hardware infrastructure available in the cloud. These virtual servers are made in such a way that the different service level agreements and reliability issues are met. There may be multiple instances of the same virtual server accessing the different parts of the hardware infrastructure available. This is to make sure that there are multiple copies of the applications which are ready to take over on another oneâ„¢s failure.

The virtual server distributes the processing between the infrastructure and the computing is done and the result returned. There will be a workload distribution management system, also known as the grid engine, for managing the different requests coming to the virtual servers. This engine will take care of the creation of multiple copies and also the preservation of integrity of the data that is stored in the infrastructure. This will also adjust itself such that even on heavier load, the processing is completed as per the requirements.

The different workload management systems are hidden from the users. For the user, the processing is done and the result is obtained. There is no question of where it was done and how it was done. The users are billed based on the usage of the system - as said before - the commodity is now cycles and bytes. The billing is usually on the basis of usage per CPU per hour or GB data transfer per hour.

4.2. Server Architecture



Cloud computing makes use of a large physical resource pool in the cloud. As said above, cloud computing services and applications make use of virtual server instances built upon this resource pool. There are two applications which help inmanaging the server instances, the resources and also the management of the resources by these virtual server instances. One of these is the Xen hypervisor which provides an abstraction layer between the hardware and the virtual OS so that the distribution of the resources and the processing is well managed. Another application that is widely used is the Enomalism server management system which is used for management of the infrastructure platform. When Xen is used for virtualization of the servers over the infrastructure, a thin software layer known as the Xen hypervisor is inserted between the serverâ„¢s hardware and the operating system. This provides an abstraction layer that allows each physical server to run one or more virtual servers, effectively decoupling the operating system and its applications from the underlying physical server.

The Xen hypervisor is a unique open source technology, developed collaboratively by the Xen community and engineers at over 20 of the most innovative data center solution vendors, including MD, Cisco, Dell, HP, IBM, Intel, Mellanox, Network Appliance, Novell, Red Hat, SGI, Sun, Unisys, Veritas, Voltaire, and Citrix. Xen is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL2) and is available at no charge in both source and object format. The Xen hypervisor is also exceptionally lean“ less than 50,000 lines of code. That translates to extremely low overhead and near-native performance for guests. Xen re-uses existing device drivers (both closed and open source) from Linux, making device management easy. Moreover Xen is robust to device driver failure and protects both guests and the hypervisor from faulty or malicious drivers The Enomalism virtualized server management system is a complete virtual server infrastructure platform. Enomalism helps in an effective management of the resources. Enomalism can be used to tap into the cloud just as you would into a remote server. It brings together all the features such as deployment planning, load balancing, resource monitoring, etc. Enomalism is an open source application. It has avery simple and easy to use web based user interface. It has a module architecture which allows for the creation of additional system add-ons and plugins. It supports one click deployment of distributed or replicated applications on a global basis. It supports the management of various virtual environments including KVM/Qemu, Amazon EC2 and Xen, penVZ, Linux Containers, VirtualBox. It has fine grai ned user permissions and access privileges.

4.3. Map Reduce

Map Reduce is a software framework developed at Google in 2003 to support parallel computations over large (multiple petabyte) data sets on clusters of commodity computers. This framework is largely taken from Ëœmapâ„¢ and Ëœreduceâ„¢ functions commonly used in functional programming, although the actual semantics of the framework are not the same. It is a programming model and an associated implementation for processing and generating large data sets. Many of the real world tasks are expressible in this model. MapReduce implementations have been written in C++, Java and other anguages. Programs written in this functional style are automatically parallelized and executed on the cloud. The run-time system takes care of the details of partitioning the input data, scheduling the programâ„¢s execution across a set of machines, handling achine failures, and managing the required inter-machine communication. This allows programmers without any experience with parallel and distributed systems to easily utilize the resources of a largely distributed system. The computation takes a set of input key/value pairs, and produces a set of output key/value pairs. The user of the MapReduce library expresses the computation as two functions: Map and Reduce. Map, written by the user, takes an input pair and produces a set of intermediate key/value pairs. The MapReduce library groups together all intermediate values associated with the same intermediate key I and passes them to the Reduce


The Reduce function, also written by the user, accepts an intermediate key I and a set of values for that key. It merges together these values to form a possibly smaller set of values. Typically just zero or one output value is produced per Reduce invocation. The intermediate values are supplied to the userâ„¢s reduce function via an iterator. This allows us to handle lists of values that are too large to fit in memory.


MapReduce achieves reliability by parceling out a number of operations onthe set of data to each node in the network; each node is expected to report back periodically with completed work and status updates. If a node falls silent for longer than that interval, the master node records the node as dead, and sends out the nodeâ„¢s assigned work to other nodes. Individual operations use atomic operations for naming file outputs as a double check to ensure that there are not parallel conflicting threads running; when files are renamed, it is possible to also copy them to another name in addition to the name of the task (allowing for side-effects).

4.4. Google File System

Google File System (GFS) is a scalable distributed file system developed by Google for data intensive applications. It is designed to provide efficient, reliable access to data using large clusters of commodity hardware.It provides fault tolerance while running on inexpensive commodity hardware, and it delivers high aggregate performance to a large number of clients. Files are divided into chunks of 64 megabytes, which are only extremely rarely overwritten, or shrunk; files are usually appended to or read.

It is also designed and optimized to run on computing clusters, the nodes of which consist of cheap,commodity computers, which means precautions must be taken against the high failure rate of individual nodes and the subsequent data loss. Other design decisions select for high data throughputs, even when it comes at the cost of latency. The nodes are divided into two types:

one Master node and a large number of Chunkservers. Chunkservers store the data files, with each individual file broken up into fixed size chunks (hence the name) of about 64 megabytes, similar to clusters or sectors in regular file systems. Each chunk is assigned a unique 64-bit label, and logical mappings of files to constituent chunks are maintained. Each chunk is replicated several times throughout the network, with the minimum being three, but even more for files that have high demand or need more redundancy. The Master server doesnâ„¢t usually store the actual chunks, but rather all the metadata associated with the chunks, such as the tables mapping the 64-bit labels tochunk locations and the files they make up,the locations of the copies of the chunks,

what processes are reading or writing to a particular chunk, or taking a snapshot of the chunk pursuant to replicating it (usually at the instigation of the Master server, when, due to node failures, the number of copies of a chunk has fallen beneath the set number). All this metadata is kept current by the Master server periodically receiving updates from each chunk server (Heart-beat messages). Permissions for modifications are handled by a system of time-limited, expiring leases, where the Master server grants permission to a process for a finite period of time during which no other process will be granted permission by the Master server to modify the chunk. The modified chunkserver, which is always the primary chunk holder, then propagates the changes to the chunkservers with the backup copies. Thechanges are not saved until all chunkserversacknowledge, thus guaranteeing the

completion and atomicity of the operation. Programs access the chunks by firstquerying the Master server for the locationsof the desired chunks; if the chunks are not being operated on (if there are no outstanding leases), the Master replies with the locations, and he program then contacts and receives the data from thechunkserver directly. As opposed to manyfile systems, itâ„¢s not implemented in the kernel of an Operating System but accessedthrough a library to avoid overhead.

4.5. Hadoop

Hadoop is a framework for running applications on large cluster built ofcommodity hardware. The Hadoopframework transparently provides applications both reliability and data motion. Hadoopimplements the computation paradigm named MapReduce which was explained above. The application is divided into many small fragments of work, each of which may be executed or re-executed on any node in the cluster. In addition, it provides adistributed file system that stores data on the compute nodes, providing very high

aggregate bandwidth across the cluster. BothMapReduce and the distributed file system are designed so that the node failures are

automatically handled by the framework. Hadoop has been implemented making useof Java. In Hadoop, the combination of the

entire JAR files and classed needed to run a MapReduce program is called a job. All ofthese components are themselves

collected into a JAR which is usually referred to as the job file. To execute a job, itis submitted to a jobTracker and then executed.

Tasks in each phase are executed in a faulttolerant manner. If node(s) fail inthe middle of a computation the tasks assigned to them are re-distributed among theremaining nodes. Since we are using MapReduce, having many map and reduce tasksenables good load balancing and allows failed tasks to be re-run with smaller runtimeoverhead. The Hadoop MapReduce framework has master/slave architecture. It has a single master server or a jobTracker andseveral slave servers or taskTrackers, one per node in the cluster. The jobTracker is the point of interaction between the users andthe framework. Users submit jobs to the jobTracker, which puts them in a queue of pending jobs and executes them on a firstcomefirst-serve basis. The jobTrackermanages the assignment of MapReduce jobs to the taskTrackers. The taskTrackersexecute tasks upon instruction from the jobTracker and also handle data motion between the Ëœmapâ„¢ and Ëœreduceâ„¢ phases ofthe MapReduce job. Hadoop is a framework which has received awide industry adoption. Hadoop is used along with other cloud computing technologies like the Amazon services so as to make better use of the resources. There are many instances where Hadoop has beenused. Amazon makes use of Hadoop for processing millions of sessions which it uses for analytics. This is made use of in a cluster which has about 1 to 100 nodes. Facebook uses Hadoop to store copies of internal logs and dimension data sources a use it as a source for reporting/analytics and machine learning. The New York Times made use of Hadoop for large scale image conversions. Yahoo uses Hadoop to support research for advertisement systems

and web searching tools. They also use it to do scaling tests to support development of Hadoop



5. Cloud Computing Services



Even though cloud computing is a pretty new technology, there are many companies offering cloud computing services. Different companies like Amazon, Google, Yahoo, IBM and Microsoft are all players in the cloud computing services industry. But Amazon is the pioneer in the cloud computing industry with serviceslike EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) and S3(Simple Storage Service) dominating the industry. Amazon has an expertise in this industry and has a small advantage over the others because of this. Microsoft has good knowledge of the fundamentals of cloudscience and is building massive data centers. IBM, the king of business computing and traditional supercomputers, teams up with Google to get a foothold in the clouds. Google is far and away the leader in cloud computing with the company itself built from the ground up on hardware.


5.1. Amazon Web Services



The ËœAmazon Web Servicesâ„¢ is the set of cloud computing services offered byAmazon. It involves four different services.

They are Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Simple Storage Service (S3), Simple QueueService (SQS) and Simple Database

Service (SDB).

1. Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a web service that provides resizable compute capacity in the cloud. It is designed to make webscale computing easier for developers. It provides on-demand processing power. Amazon EC2â„¢s simple web service interface allows you to obtain and configure capacity with minimal friction. It provides you with completecontrol of your computing resources and lets you run on Amazonâ„¢s proven computing environment. Amazon EC2 reduces the time required to obtain and

boot new server instances to minutes, allowing you to quickly scale capacity,both up and down, as your computing

requirements change. Amazon EC2 changes the economics of computing by allowing you to pay only for capacity

that you actually use. Amazon EC2 p ovides developers the tools to build failure resilient applications and isolate themselves from common failure scenarios. Amazon EC2 presents a true virtual computing environment, allowing you to use web service interfaces to requisition machines for use, load them with your custom application environment, manage your networkâ„¢s access permissions, and run your image using as many or few systems as you desire. To set up an Amazon EC2 node we have tocreate an EC2 node

configuration which consists of all our applications, libraries, data and associated configuration settings. Thisconfiguration is then saved as an AMI (Amazon Machine Image). There are alsoseveral stock instances of Amazon AMIs available which can be customized and used. We can then start, terminate and monitor as many instances of the AMI as needed.Amazon EC2 enables you to increase or decrease capacity withinminutes. You can commission one, hundreds or even thousands of server instances simultaneously. Thus the applications can automatically scale itselfup and down depending on its needs. You have root access to each one, and you can interact with them as you would any machine. You have the choice of several instance types, allowing you to select a configuration of memory, PU, and instance storage that is optimal for your application. Amazon EC2 offers a highly reliable environment where replacement instances can be rapidly and reliably commissioned. Amazon EC2 provides web service

interfaces to configure firewall settings that control network access to and between groups of instances. You will be charged at the end of each month for your EC2 resources actually consumed. So charging will be based on the actual usage of the resources.

2. Simple Storage Service (S3)

S3 or Simple Storage Service offers cloud computing storage service. It offers services for storage of data in the cloud. It provides a high-availability large-store database. It provides a simple SQL-like language. It has been designed for interactive online use. S3 is

storage for the Internet. It is designed to make web-scale computing easier for developers. S3 provides a simple web services interface that can be used to store and retrieve any amount of data, at any time, from anywhere on the web. It gives any developer access to the same highly scalable, reliable, fast, inexpensive data storage infrastructure that Amazon uses to run its own global network of web sites. Amazon S3 allows write, read and delete of objects containing from 1 byte to 5 gigabytes of data each. The number of objects that you can store is unlimited. Each object is stored in a bucket and retrieved via a unique developer-assigned key. A bucket can be located anywhere in Europe or the Americas but can be accessed from anywhere. Authentication mechanisms are provided to ensure that the data is kept secure from unauthorized access. Objects can be made private or public, and rights can be granted to specific users for particular objects. Also the S3 service also works with a pay only for what you use method of payment.

3. Simple Queue Service (SQS)

Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) offers a reliable, highly scalable, hosted queue for storing messages as they travel between computers. By using SQS, developers can simply move data between distributed components of their applications that perform different tasks, without losing messages or requiring each component to be always available


With SQS, developers can create an unlimited number of SQS queues, each of which can send and receive an unlimited number of messages Messages can be retained n a queue for up to 4 days. It is simple, reliable,secure and scalable.

4. Simple Database Service (SDB)

Amazon SimpleDB is a web service for running queries on structured data in real time. This service works in close conjunction with the Amazon S3 and EC2, collectively providing the ability to store, process and query data sets in the cloud. These services are designed to make web-scale computing easier and more cost-effective to developers. Traditionally, this type of functionality is accomplished with a clustered relational database, which requires a sizable upfront investment and often requires a DBA to maintain and administer them. Amazon SDB provides all these without the operational complexity. It requires no schema, automatically indexes your data and provides a simpleAPI for storage and access. Developers gain access to the different functionalities from within the Amazonâ„¢s proven computing environment andare able to scale instantly and need to pay only for what they use.



5.2. Google App Engine



Google App Engine lets you run your web applications on Googleâ„¢sinfrastructure. App Engine applications areeasy to build, easy to maintain, and easy to scale as your traffic and data storage needs grow. You can serve your app using a free domain name on the appspot.com domain, or use Google Apps to serve it from your own domain. You can share your application with the world, or limit access to members of your organization. App Engine costs nothing to get started. Sign up for a free account, and you can develop and publish your application at no charge and with no obligation. A free account can use up to 500MB of persistent storage and enough CPU and bandwidth for about 5 million page views a month. Google App Engine makes it easy to build an application that runs reliably, even under heavy load and with large amounts of data. The environment includes the following features

:¢ dynamic web serving, with full support for common web technologies

¢ persistent storage with queries, sorting and transactions

¢ automatic scaling and load balancing

¢ APIs for authenticating users and sending email using Google Accounts

¢ a fully featured local development environment that simulates Google AppEngine on your computer

Google App Engine applications are implemented using the Python programming language. The runtimeenvironment includes the full Python language and most of the Python standard library. Applications run in a secure environment that provides limited access to the underlying operating system. These limitations allow App Engine to distribute web requests for the application across multiple servers, and start and stop servers to meet traffic demands. App Engine includes a service API for integrating with Google Accounts.

Your application can allow a user to sign in with a Google account, and access the email address and displayable name associated with the account. Using Google Accounts lets the user start using your application faster, because the user may not

need to create a new account. It also saves you the effort of implementing a user account system just for your application

App Engine provides a variety of services that enable you to perform common operations when managing your application. The following APIs are provided to access these services: Applications can access resources on the Internet, such as web services or ther data, using App Engineâ„¢s URL fetch service. Applications can send email messages using App Engineâ„¢s mail service. The mail service uses Google infrastructure to send email messages. TheImage service lets your application manipulate images. With this API, you can resize, crop, rotate and flip images inJPEG and PNG formats.In theory, Google claims App Engine can scale nicely. But Google currently places a limit of 5 million hits per month on each application. This limit nullifies App Engineâ„¢s scalability, because any small, dedicated server can have this performance. Google will eventually allow webmasters to go beyond this limit (if they pay).

7. Conclusion

Cloud computing is a powerful new abstraction for large scale data processing systems which is scalable, reliable and

available. In cloud computing, there are large self-managed server pools available whichreduces the overhead and eliminates management headache. Cloud computing services can also grow and shrink according to need. Cloud computing is particularly

valuable to small and medium businesses, where effective and affordable IT tools are critical to helping them become more

productive without spending lots of money on in-house resources and technical equipment. Also it is a new emerging

architecture needed to expand the Internet to become the computing platform of the future.

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CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud computing has gained a lot of hype in the current world of I.T. Cloud computing is said to be the next big thing in the computer world after the internet.
In general terms the Cloud computing is referred to as anything that uses internet and computing is done at some remote location and the result are displayed on the user screen and the user access the cloud using the familiar web browser. This definition is true to some extent however not completely.
Cloud computing is a broad, new technology and young as of now. The industry still struggles to define as to what to call as Cloud computing and what not to.

Like any new IT trend, cloud computing gets its fair share of hype, and with it comes a multitude of vendors that use the term in ways it was never intended for, making it devoid of any sense. When pushed to the extreme, a simple server connected to a network seems to qualify as a cloud, allowing pundits to mock the concept. Yet cloud computing is not a passing fad. It is a major step forward in the development of distributed computing, and one that will reshape the IT industry. But for it to happen, we must agree on a clear definition of the concept first, and the less technical it is, the better.

Here is how Wikipedia defines cloud computing:
“Cloud computing is the provision of dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources as a service over the Internet. Users need not have knowledge of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure in the “cloud” that supports them. Cloud computing services often provide common business applications online that are accessed from a web browser, while the software and data are stored on the servers.”

The definition we propose is borrowed from Neil Ward‐Dutton, who works for MWD Advisors, an advisory firm which focuses on issues surrounding IT‐business alignment. In a post released in June 2009, Neil outlined the seven elements of cloud computing value, reproduced here with the author’s permission and some minor editing, suggested in part by Gartner’s Daryl Plummer.

In a nutshell, cloud computing can be defined as a set of computing and storage resources providing an application platform as a service. This platform is characterized by a unique set of economic, architectural, and strategic elements of value, which distinguishes it from anything that has been available so far.

Dynamic computing infrastructure

Cloud computing requires a dynamic computing infrastructure. The foundation for the dynamic infrastructure is a standardized, scalable, and secure physical infrastructure. There should be levels of redundancy to ensure high levels of availability, but mostly it must be easy to extend as usage growth demands it, without requiring architecture rework. Next, it must be virtualized.
Today, virtualized environments leverage server virtualization (typically from VMware, Microsoft, or Xen) as the basis for running services. These services need to be easily provisioned and de-provisioned via software automation. These service workloads need to be moved from one physical server to another as capacity demands increase or decrease. Finally, this infrastructure should be highly utilized, whether provided by an external cloud provider or an internal IT department. The infrastructure must deliver business value over and above the investment.
A dynamic computing infrastructure is critical to effectively supporting the elastic nature of service provisioning and de-provisioning as requested by users while maintaining high levels of reliability and security. The consolidation provided by virtualization, coupled with provisioning automation, creates a high level of utilization and reuse, ultimately yielding a very effective use of capital equipment
.
IT service-centric approach

Cloud computing is IT (or business) service-centric. This is in stark contrast to more traditional system- or server- centric models. In most cases, users of the cloud generally want to run some business service or application for a specific, timely purpose; they don’t want to get bogged down in the system and network administration of the environment. They would prefer to quickly and easily access a dedicated instance of an application or service. By abstracting away the server-centric view of the infrastructure, system users can easily access powerful pre-defined computing environments designed specifically around their service.
An IT Service Centric approach enables user adoption and business agility – the easier and faster a user can perform an administrative task the more expedient the business moves, reducing costs or driving revenue.

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This article is presented by:
Pawan Parekh

CLOUD COMPUTING

What is cloud computing????


Cloud computing is Internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices on demand…


The name cloud computing was inspired by the cloud symbol that's often used to represent
the Internet in flowcharts and diagrams.


Introduction Of cloud computing


For understanding cloud computing very deeply
Let's assume you're an executive at a large corporation..

Your particular responsibilities include making sure that all of your employees have the right hardware and software they need to do their jobs.

Buying computers for everyone isn't enough -- you also have to purchase software or software licenses to give employees the tools they require.

Whenever you have a new hire, you have to buy more software or make sure your current software license allows another user.

It's so stressful that you find it difficult to go
to sleep on your huge pile of money every night.

Soon, there may be an alternative for executives like you.

Instead of installing a suite of software for each computer, you'd only have to load one application.

That application would allow workers to log into a Web-based service which hosts all the programs the user would need for his or her job.

Remote machines owned by another company would run everything from e-mail to word processing to complex data analysis programs.

It's called cloud computing,.. and it could change the entire computer industry…


Real life example is:-if we go into restaurant ,,,we eat food and give money to them,,,,
Here restaurant acts as cloud computing company…
And food acts as software of company which are we using..
These are the companies which are hardly trying to get into business of Cloud computing…

AMAZON is very successful among them…..

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CLOUD COMPUTING

INTRODUCTION
Cloud computing is Internet ("cloud") based on development and use of computer technology ("computing").It is a style of computing in which dynamically scalable and often virtualised resources are provided as a service over the internet.Users need not have knowledge of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them.
The concept incorporates infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS) and software as a service (SaaS) as well as Web 2.0 and other recent (ca. 2007-2009) technology trends which have the common theme of reliance on the Internet for satisfying the computing needs of the users. Examples of SaaS vendors include Salesforce.com and Google Apps which provide common business applications online that are accessed from a web browser, while the software and data are stored on the servers.A cloud is a pool of virtualized computer resources. A cloud can:
1.Host a variety of different workloads,including batch-style back-end jobs and interactive,user- facing applications.
2.Allow workloads to be deployed and scaled-out quickly through the rapid provisioning of virtual machines or physical machines.
3.Support redundant, self-recovering,highly scalable programming models that allow workloads to recover from many unavoidable hardware/software failures.
4.Monitor resource use in real time to enable rebalancing of allocations when needed.

HISTORY
The underlying concept dates back to 1960 when John McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility"; indeed it shares characteristics with service bureaus which date back to the 1960s.The term cloud had already come into commercial use in the early 1990s to refer to large ATM networks.By the turn of the 21st century,the term "cloud computing" had started to appear, although most of the focus at this time was on Software as a service (SaaS).
In 1999, Salesforce.com was established by Marc Benioff, Parker Harris,and his fellows.They applied many technologies of consumer web sites like Google and Yahoo! to business applications.
IBM extended these concepts in 2001,as detailed in the Autonomic Computing Manifesto-which described advanced automation techniques such as self-monitoring, self-healing, self-configuring, and self-optimizing in the management of complex IT systems with heterogeneous storage, servers, applications, networks, security mechanisms, and other system elements that can be virtualized across an enterprise.
Amazon.com played a key role in the development of cloud computing by modernizing their data centres after the dot-com bubble and, having found that the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements,providing access to their systems by way of Amazon Web Services in 2002 on a utility computing basis.
2007 saw increased activity,with Google,IBM and a number of universities embarking on a large scale cloud computing research project, around the time the term started gaining popularity in the mainstream press.

WORKING OF CLOUD COMPUTING

In cloud computing you only need to load one application.This application would allow workers to log into a Web-based service which hosts all the programs the user would need for his or her job. Remote machines owned by another company would run everything from e-mail to word processing to complex data analysis programs.It's called cloud computing, and it could change the entire computer industry.

In a cloud computing system, there's a significant workload shift.Local computers no longer have to do all the heavy lifting when it comes to running applications.The network of computers that make up the cloud handles them instead. Hardware and software demands on the user's side decrease.The only thing the user's computer needs to be able to run is the cloud computing system's interface software, which can be as simple as a Web browser, and the cloud's network takes care of the rest.

CLOUD ARCHITECTURE
Cloud architecture,the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the delivery of cloud computing, comprises hardware and software designed by a cloud architect who typically works for a cloud integrator. It typically involves multiple cloud components communicating with each other over application programming interfaces, usually web services.
Cloud architecture extends to the client, where web browsers and/or software applications access cloud applications.
Cloud storage architecture is loosely coupled, where metadata operations are centralized enabling the data nodes to scale into the hundreds, each independently delivering data to applications or users.

COMPONENTS
1. APPLICATION
A cloud application leverages the Cloud in software architecture,often eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's own computer,thus alleviating the burden of software maintenance, ongoing operation, and support.
2. CLOUD CLIENTS
A cloud client consists of computer hardware and/or computer software which relies on the cloud for application delivery, or which is specifically designed for delivery of cloud services and which, in either case, is essentially useless without it. For example:Mobile ,Thin client ,Thick client / Web browser .
3. CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE
Cloud infrastructure,such as Infrastructure as a service,is the delivery of computer infrastructure, typically a platform virtualization environment,as a service.For example:grid computing ,Management , Compute ,Platform.
4. CLOUD PLATFORMS
A cloud platform,such as Paas, the delivery of a computing platform,and/or solution saas,facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers.
5. CLOUD SERVICES
A cloud service includes "products, services and solutions that are delivered and consumed in real-time over the Internet".For example Web Services ("software system[s] designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network") which may be accessed by other cloud computing components, software, e.g., Software plus services, or end users directly.
6. CLOUD STORAGE
Cloud storage involves the delivery of data storage as a service, including database-like services, often billed on a utility computing basis, e.g., per gigabyte per month. For example Database ,Network attached storage ,Web service .

TYPES OF CLOUDS
1. PUBLIC CLOUD
Public cloud or external cloud describes cloud computing in the traditional mainstream sense, whereby resources are dynamically provisioned on a fine-grained, self-service basis over the Internet, via web applications/web services, from an off-site third-party provider who shares resources and bills on a fine-grained utility computing basis.
2. HYBRID CLOUD
A hybrid cloud environment consisting of multiple internal and/or external providers "will be typical for most enterprises".
3. PRIVATE CLOUD
Private cloud and internal cloud are neologisms that some vendors have recently used to describe offerings that emulate cloud computing on private networks.These (typically virtualisation automation) products claim to "deliver some benefits of cloud computing without the pitfalls", capitalising on data security, corporate governance, and reliability concerns.They have been criticised on the basis that users "still have to buy, build, and manage them" and as such do not benefit from lower up-front capital costs and less hands-on management ,essentially "[lacking] the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept".While an analyst predicted in 2008 that private cloud networks would be the future of corporate IT, there is some contention as to whether they are a reality even within the same firm.
ROLES PLAYED IN CLOUD COMPUTING
1. CLOUD COMPUTING PROVIDERS
A cloud computing provider or cloud computing service provider owns and operates live cloud computing systems to deliver service to third parties.Usually this requires significant resources and expertise in building and managing next-generation data centers.Some organisations realise a subset of the benefits of cloud computing by becoming "internal" cloud providers and servicing themselves, although they do not benefit from the same economies of scale and still have to engineer for peak loads. The barrier to entry is also significantly higher with capital expenditure required and billing and management creates some overhead.Nonetheless, significant operational efficiency and agility advantages can be realised, even by small organisations, and server consolidation and virtualization rollouts are already well underway.Amazon.com was the first such provider,modernising its data centers which,like most computer networks, were using as little as 10% of its capacity at any one time just to leave room for occasional spikes.This allowed small, fast-moving groups to add new features faster and easier, and they went on to open it up to outsiders as Amazon Web Services in 2002 on a utility computing basis.
Players in the cloud computing service provision game include the likes of Amazon, Google, Hewlett Packard, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Salesforce, SAP and Yahoo!
2. USER
A user is a consumer of cloud computing.The privacy of users in cloud computing has become of increasing concern.The rights of users are also an issue, which is being addressed via a community effort to create a bill of rights.
3. VENDOR
A vendor sells products and services that facilitate the delivery, adoption and use of cloud computing.For example:Computer hardware,Storage,infrastructure,Computer software,Operating systems ,Platform virtualization.

[attachment=9094]
Cloud computing
Cloud computing is Internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices on demand, like theelectricity grid.
Cloud computing is a paradigm shift following the shift from mainframe to client–serverin the early 1980s. Details are abstracted from the users, who no longer have need for expertise in, or control over, the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them.[1] Cloud computing describes a new supplement, consumption, and delivery model for IT services based on the Internet, and it typically involves over-the-Internetprovision of dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources.[2][3] It is a byproduct and consequence of the ease-of-access to remote computing sites provided by the Internet.[4] This frequently takes the form of web-based tools or applications that users can access and use through a web browser as if it were a program installed locally on their own computer.[5]. NIST provides a somewhat more objective and specific definition here. The term "cloud" is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on the cloud drawing used in the past to represent the telephone network,[6] and later to depict the Internet in computer network diagrams as anabstraction of the underlying infrastructure it represents.[7] Typical cloud computing providers deliver common business applications online that are accessed from another Web service or software like a Web browser, while the software and data are stored on servers. A key element of cloud computing is customization and the creation of a user-defined experience.
Most cloud computing infrastructures consist of services delivered through common centers and built on servers. Clouds often appear as single points of access for all consumers' computing needs. Commercial offerings are generally expected to meet quality of service (QoS) requirements of customers, and typically include SLAs.[8] The major cloud service providers
Overview
Comparisons
Cloud computing derives characteristics from, but should not be confused with:
1. Autonomic computing — "computer systems capable of self-management".[12]
2. Client–server model – Client–server computing refers broadly to any distributed application that distinguishes between service providers (servers) and service requesters (clients).[13]
3. Grid computing — "a form of distributed computing and parallel computing, whereby a 'super and virtual computer' is composed of acluster of networked, loosely coupled computers acting in concert to perform very large tasks"
4. Mainframe computer — powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing.[14]
5. Utility computing — the "packaging of computing resources, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility, such as electricity";[15]
6. Peer-to-peer – a distributed architecture without the need for central coordination, with participants being at the same time both suppliers and consumers of resources (in contrast to the traditional client–server model).
Characteristics
In general, cloud computing customers do not own the physical infrastructure, instead avoiding capital expenditure by renting usage from a third-party provider. They consume resources as a service and pay only for resources that they use. Many cloud-computing offerings employ the utility computing model, which is analogous to how traditional utility services (such as electricity) are consumed, whereas others bill on asubscription basis. Sharing "perishable and intangible" computing power among multiple tenants can improve utilization rates, as servers are not unnecessarily left idle (which can reduce costs significantly while increasing the speed of application development). A side-effect of this approach is that overall computer usage rises dramatically, as customers do not have to engineer for peak load limits.[16] In addition, "increased high-speed bandwidth" makes it possible to receive the same response times from centralized infrastructure at other sites.[citation needed]
Cloud engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the lifecycle of cloud computing solutions, including analysis, design, development, testing, integration, buildout, delivery, operation and consumption of cloud products and services.
Economics
Cloud computing users avoid capital expenditure (CapEx) on hardware, software, and services when they pay a provider only for what they use. Consumption is usually billed on a utility (resources consumed, like electricity) or subscription (time-based, like a newspaper) basis with little or no upfront cost. Other benefits of this time sharing-style approach are low barriers to entry, shared infrastructure and costs, low management overhead, and immediate access to a broad range of applications. In general, users can terminate the contract at any time (thereby avoiding return on investment risk and uncertainty), and the services are often covered by service level agreements (SLAs) with financial penalties.[17][18]
According to Nicholas Carr, the strategic importance of information technology is diminishing as it becomes standardized and less expensive. He argues that the cloud computing paradigm shift is similar to the displacement of electricity generators by electricity grids early in the 20th century.[19]
Although companies might be able to save on upfront capital expenditures, they might not save much and might actually pay more for operating expenses. In situations where the capital expense would be relatively small, or where the organization has more flexibility in their capital budget than their operating budget, the cloud model might not make great fiscal sense. Other factors impacting the scale of any potential cost savings include the efficiency of a company's data center as compared to the cloud vendor's, the company's existing operating costs, the level of adoption of cloud computing, and the type of functionality being hosted in the cloud.[20][21]
Among the items that some cloud hosts charge for are instances (often with extra charges for high-memory or high-CPU instances); data transfer in and out; storage (measured by the GB-month); I/O requests; PUT requests and GET requests; IP addresses; and load balancing. In some cases, users can bid on instances, with pricing dependent on demand for available instances.[citation needed]

presented by:
V. Rithvik

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[attachment=9117]
Cloud Computing
What is Cloud Computing?
• “Cloud” is simply a metaphor for the internet
• Users do not have or need knowledge, control, ownership in the computer infrastructure
• Users simply rent or access the software, paying only for what they use
• Simple Introduction to Cloud Computing
History of Cloud Computing
• Concept dating back to the 1960’s by John McCarthy, a computer scientist, brought up the idea that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility”
• Idea that revolutionized Cloud Computing: Moving from clustering computing to grid computing
– Clustering
– Grid
• “In some ways, the cloud is a natural next step from the grid-utility model,” said Frank Gens, an analyst at the research firm IDC
The “Super Computer” in the Sky
• Two ways of building a “super computer” with enough power that users can plug into according to their needs at a particular time:
– Blue Gene Approach
– Google's Approach
Early Leaders in the Industry
• In 2007, Microsoft made available free software, live.com that connects its Windows operating system to software services delivered on the Internet
• Launched in July 2002, Amazon Web Services provided online services for other web sites or client-side applications
• 3tera launched its AppLogic system in February, 2006
• IBM’s system introduced in the mid 2000’s is called Blue Cloud
Potential Issues
• Data residency – time delay between data being requested and delivered
• Security and confidentiality of data being stored outside the company
• Business buy-in; convincing companies of the infrastructure and reliability
Functionality
• Cloud computing is an emerging technology that is revolutionizing IT infrastructures and flexibility, and software as a service (SaaS)
• During this economic time of recession, there are huge cost-reduction pressures and cloud computing allows businesses to do just that by tapping into cloud computing platforms on a pay-as-you-go basis
• Customer retention is vital, especially today in our economy

PRESENTED BY:
A.V.S.Ram murthy

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Cloud Computing
Introduction:
• Key to the definition of cloud computing is the “cloud” itself. Here , the cloud is a large group of interconnected computers.
• These computers can be personal computers or network servers; they can be public or private.
• The actual term “cloud” is borrowed from telephony in that telecommunications companies,who until 1990 offerd point to point data circuits,VPN
What Is Cloud Computing?
• DEFINITION:
Cloud computing is using the Internet to access someone else’s software running on someone else’s hardware in someone else’s data centre while paying only for what you use.
Cloud anatomy:
 SaaS = Software as a Service (eg: Gmail, Google Calendar,...)
 PaaS = Platform as a Service(eg: Google Apps)
 IaaS = Infrastructure as a Service (eg: Amazon EC2)
BENEFITS OF CLOUD COMPUTING:
 SCALABILITY
 FLEXIBILITY
 SECURITY
 REDUCTION OF HARDWARE COSTS
Conclusion
Thus cloud computing provide a super-computing power .This cloud of computers extends beyond a single company or enterprise.
The applications and data served by the cloud are available to broad group of users, cross-enterprise and cross-platform.

presented by:
G.NAVEEN
Y.ANUSHA

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[attachment=9940]
ABSTRACT:
With the significant advances in Information and Communications Technology over the last half century, there is an increasingly perceived vision that computing will one day be the 5th utility (after water, electricity, gas,and telephony). This computing utility, like all other four existing utilities, will provide the basic level of computing service that is considered essential to meet the everyday needs of the general community. To deliver this vision, a number of computing paradigms have been proposed, of which the latest one is known as Cloud computing.Cloud computing promises to increase the velocity with which applications are deployed, increase innovation,and lower costs, all while increasing business agility. Everyone has an opinion on what is cloud computing, It can be the ability to rent a server or a thousand servers and run a geophysical modeling application on the most powerful systems available anywhere. It can be the ability to rent a virtual server,load software on it, turn it on and off at will, or clone it ten times to meet a sudden workload demand. It can be storing and securing immense amounts of data that is accessible only by authorized applications and users. Cloud computing can be the ability to use applications on the Internet that store and protect data while providing a service anything including email,sales force automation and tax preparation. It can be using a storage cloud to hold application, business, and personal data. And it can be the ability to use a handful of Web services to integrate photos, maps, and GPS information to create a mashup in customer Web browsers.Cloud computing increases profitability by improving resource utilization. Pooling resources into large clouds drives down costs and increases utilization by delivering resources only for as long as those resources are needed. Cloud computing allows individuals, teams, and organizations to streamline procurement processes and eliminate the need to duplicate certain computer administrative skills related to setup, configuration, and support.This paper introduces the value of implementing cloud computing and explains the business benefits of cloud computing, and outlines cloud architecture and its major components.
INTRODUCTION:
Building on established trends
Cloud computing builds on established trends for driving the cost out of the delivery of services while increasing the speed and agility with which services are deployed. Cloud computing incorporates virtualization, on-demand deployment, Internet delivery of services, and open source software. From perspective, everything is new because cloud computing changes how we invent, develop, deploy, scale, update,maintain, and pay for applications and the infrastructure on which they run. In this chapter, we examine the trends and how they have become core to what cloud computing is all about.
The Nature of Cloud Computing:
Virtual machines as the standard deployment object
Over the last several years, virtual machines have become a standard deployment object. Virtualization further enhances flexibility because it abstracts the hardware to the point where software stacks can be deployed and redeployed without being tied to a specific physical server. Virtualization enables a dynamic datacenter where servers provide a pool of resources that are harnessed as needed, and where the relationship of applications to compute, storage, and network resources changes dynamically in order to meet both workload and business demands. Using virtual machines as deployment objects is sufficient for 80 percent of usage, and it helps to satisfy the need to rapidly deploy and scale applications.
The on-demand, self-service, pay-by-use model:
The on-demand, self-service, pay-by-use nature of cloud computing is also an extension of established trends. From an enterprise perspective, the on-demand nature of cloud computing helps to support the performance and capacity aspects of service-level objectives. The self-service nature of cloud computing allows organizations to create elastic environments that expand and contract based on the workload and target performance parameters. And the pay-by-use nature of cloud computing may take the form of equipment leases that guarantee a minimum level of service from a cloud provider. IT organizations have understood for years that virtualization allows them to quickly and easily create copies of existing environments sometimes involving multiple virtual machines to support test,development, and staging activities. This lightweight deployment model has already led to a “Darwinistic” approach to business development where beta versions of software are made public and the market decides which applications deserve to be scaled and developed further or quietly retired. Cloud computing extends this trend through automation. machines and establish network relationships between them. Instead of requiring a long-term contract for services
with an IT organization or a service provider, clouds work on a pay-by-use, or payby- the-sip model where an application may exist to run a job for a few minutes or
hours, or it may exist to provide services to customers on a long-term basis. The ability to use and pay for only the resources used shifts the risk of how much infrastructure to purchase from the organization developing the application to the cloud provider
APPLICATIONS:
 Another consequence of the self-service, pay-by-use model is that applications are composed by assembling and configuring appliances and open-source software as much as they are programmed.
 Applications and architectures that can be refactored in order to make the most use of standard components are those that will be the most successful in leveraging the benefits of cloud computing.
 Likewise, application components should be designed to be composable by building them so they can be consumed easily. This requires having simple, clear functions, and well-documented APIs.
 Building large, monolithic applications is a thing of the past as the library of existing tools that can be used directly or tailored for a specific use becomes ever larger..

presented by:
Abou Sofyane Khedim

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Cloud Computing
a smart way to reduce IT cost, CO2 footprint and provide services anywhere, anytime
Computing Evolution
What is cloud computing
• “Cloud” is actually a metaphor for the Internet.
• User do not have or need knowledge, control, ownership in the computer infrastructure.
• Users simply rent or access the software, paying only what they use
What is cloud computing
Cloud computing is using the Internet to access someone else’s software running on someone else’s hardware in someone else’s data centre while paying only for what you use.
Cloud anatomy
SaaS = Software as a Service
(eg: Gmail, Google Calendar,...)
PaaS = Platform as a Service
(eg: Google Apps)
IaaS = Infrastructure as a Service
(eg: Amazon EC2)
Cloud architecture
Why cloud computing
• Data centres are notoriously underutilised, often idle 85% of the time
o Over provisioning
o Insufficient capacity planning and sizing
o Improper understanding of scalability requirements etc
• including thought leaders from Gartner, Forrester, and IDC—agree that this new model offers significant advantages for fast-paced startups, SMBs and enterprises alike.
• Cost effective solutions to key business demands
• Move workloads to improve efficiency
Why cloud computing - Traditional IT
Why cloud computing - Cloud
Why cloud computing
• Instant Elasticity
o Scale up / down
• Reduce IT Cost
o Pay only what you use
• Green / CO2 footprint reduced
o The servers unused are switched off automatically.
o No need any more powerful computer to run powerful software
Healthcare in the cloud
• IT requirements
o functional and non-functional are more complex.
• We care about where the data are stored and who take care of them.
• The public cloud cannot really meets these needs.
o The cloud vendor can keep our data anywhere.
• The private cloud could pretend to be more secure but the maintenance's cost of the infrastructure is still present.
Healthcare in the cloud
• The hybrid cloud could be the solution.
o The private side could only be used to process, store sensitive data.
o The public side could be used to compute non sensitive data.
• BUT difficult to implement.
o Strong policies rules must be implemented to target the both cloud.
Healthcare in the cloud
• Understanding that cloud infrastructure brings many advantages for the hospitals nevertheless the public cloud architecture, most economic with endless resources cannot really be enjoyed by hospitals.
• The best solution could be to introduce a new cloud architecture which could take only advantages of the 3 existing architecture.
• The government could create their own private cloud and propose IaaS/ PaaS / SaaS to the UK hospitals.
Healthcare in the cloud
Who already used the cloud
• Peter Harkins at The Washington Post: 200 EC2 instances (1,407 server hours), convert 17,481 pages of Hillary Clinton’s travel documents within 9 hours
• The New York Times used 100 Amazon EC2 instances + Hadoop application to recognise 4TB of raw TIFF image into 1.1 million PDFs in 24 hours ($240)
• The U.S. Defense Department is offering now cloud computing services.

hi,
I want to do seminar on topic Software as a service. I need 30-36 page of report. so I reqest u to send me the Full report and PPT of SaaS to this id kmgunavathy[at]gmail.com.

Awaiting your reply,

presented by:
Norman Wilde
Thomas Huber

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[attachment=10282]
Virtualization and Cloud Computing
An opening caveat ...
 This talk is based on speeches at conferences, discussions with people in industry, and some experimentation.
 A lot of people think they will make a lot of money – so there is lots of hype!
 But there seems to be something fundamental going on.
 Two Technologies for Agility
Virtualization:
The ability to run multiple operating systems on a single physical system and share the underlying hardware resources*
Cloud Computing:
“The provisioning of services in a timely (near on instant), on-demand manner, to allow the scaling up and down of resources”**
 The Traditional Server Concept
 And if something goes wrong ...
 The Traditional Server Concept
 System Administrators often talk about servers as a whole unit that includes the hardware, the OS, the storage, and the applications.
 Servers are often referred to by their function i.e. the Exchange server, the SQL server, the File server, etc.
 If the File server fills up, or the Exchange server becomes overtaxed, then the System Administrators must add in a new server.
The Traditional Server Concept
 Unless there are multiple servers, if a service experiences a hardware failure, then the service is down.
 System Admins can implement clusters of servers to make them more fault tolerant. However, even clusters have limits on their scalability, and not all applications work in a clustered environment.
The Traditional Server Concept
 Pros
 Easy to conceptualize
 Fairly easy to deploy
 Easy to backup
 Virtually any application/service can be run from this type of setup
 Cons
 Expensive to acquire and maintain hardware
 Not very scalable
 Difficult to replicate
 Redundancy is difficult to implement
 Vulnerable to hardware outages
 In many cases, processor is under-utilized
 The Virtual Server Concept
 Close-up*
The Virtual Server Concept
 Virtual servers seek to encapsulate the server software away from the hardware
 This includes the OS, the applications, and the storage for that server.
 Servers end up as mere files stored on a physical box, or in enterprise storage.
 A virtual server can be serviced by one or more hosts, and one host may house more than one virtual server.
 The Virtual Server Concept
 Virtual servers can still be referred to by their function i.e. email server, database server, etc.
 If the environment is built correctly, virtual servers will not be affected by the loss of a host.
 Hosts may be removed and introduced almost at will to accommodate maintenance.
The Virtual Server Concept
 Virtual servers can be scaled out easily.
 If the administrators find that the resources supporting a virtual server are being taxed too much, they can adjust the amount of resources allocated to that virtual server
 Server templates can be created in a virtual environment to be used to create multiple, identical virtual servers
 Virtual servers themselves can be migrated from host to host almost at will.
The Virtual Server Concept
 Pros
 Resource pooling
 Highly redundant
 Highly available
 Rapidly deploy new servers
 Easy to deploy
 Reconfigurable while services are running
 Optimizes physical resources by doing more with less
 Cons
 Slightly harder to conceptualize
 Slightly more costly (must buy hardware, OS, Apps, and now the abstraction layer)
Virtualization Status
 Offerings from many companies
 e.g. VMware, Microsoft, Sun, ...
 Hardware support
 Fits well with the move to 64 bit (very large memories) multi-core (concurrency) processors.
 Intel VT (Virtualization Technology) provides hardware to support the Virtual Machine Monitor layer
 Virtualization is now a well-established technology
So what about Cloud Computing?
 Suppose you are Forbes.com
 You offer on-line real time stock market data
 Why pay for capacity weekends, overnight?
 Forbes' Solution
 Host the web site in Amazon's EC2 Elastic Compute Cloud
 Provision new servers every day, and deprovision them every night
 Pay just $0.10* per server per hour
 * more for higher capacity servers
 Let Amazon worry about the hardware!
 Cloud computing takes virtualization to the next step
 You don’t have to own the hardware
 You “rent” it as needed from a cloud
 There are public clouds
 e.g. Amazon EC2, and now many others (Microsoft, IBM, Sun, and others ...)
 A company can create a private one
 With more control over security, etc.
 Goal 1 – Cost Control
 Cost
 Many systems have variable demands
 Batch processing (e.g. New York Times)
 Web sites with peaks (e.g. Forbes)
 Startups with unknown demand (e.g. the Cash for Clunkers program)
 Reduce risk
 Don't need to buy hardware until you need it
 Goal 2 - Business Agility
 More than scalability - elasticity!
 Ely Lilly in rapidly changing health care business
 Used to take 3 - 4 months to give a department a server cluster, then they would hoard it!
 Using EC2, about 5 minutes!
 And they give it back when they are done!
 Scaling back is as important as scaling up
 Goal 3 - Stick to Our Business
 Most companies don't WANT to do system administration
 Forbes says:
 We are is a publishing company, not a software company
 But beware:
 Do you really save much on sys admin?
 You don't have the hardware, but you still need to manage the OS!
 How Cloud Computing Works
 Various providers let you create virtual servers
 Set up an account, perhaps just with a credit card
 You create virtual servers ("virtualization")
 Choose the OS and software each "instance" will have
 It will run on a large server farm located somewhere
 You can instantiate more on a few minutes' notice
 You can shut down instances in a minute or so
 They send you a bill for what you use
 Any Nasty Details?
(loads of them!)
 How do I pick a provider?
 Am I locked in to a provider?
 Where do I put my data?
 What happens to my data when I shut down?
 How do I log in to my server?
 How do I keep others from logging in (security)?
 How do I get an IP address?
 Etc.
 And One Really Important Caveat*
 (footnote)
How come Amazon?
 Grew out of efforts to manage Amazon’s own services
 (Each time you get a page from Amazon, over a hundred servers are involved)
 See reference Amazon Architecture on their service design concepts
 They got so good at it that they launched Amazon Web Services (AWS) as a product
 Cloud Computing Status
 Seems to be rapidly becoming a mainstream practice
 Numerous providers
 Amazon EC2 imitators ...
 Just about every major industry name
 IBM, Sun, Microsoft, ...
 Major buzz at industry meetings
 So What’s the Take-Away?
 There seems to be a major revolution underway in how we manage hardware
 Specify (machine per service or one big machine with many virtual servers
 Purchase (own it yourself or rent from a public cloud)
 Use (always-on, or flexible provisioning as needed ...)
 We may need to rethink both our research and teaching
For UWF:
What About Research?
 The Eucalyptus Project
 From University of California Santa Barbara
 An open source collection of tools to build your own cloud
 Linux using Xen for virtualization
 An apparently open research area: handling data
 Regular databases apparently don't scale well
 Especially hard to make elastic (scale up / scale down)
For UWF:
What About Teaching?
 Our graduates should know about cloud computing / virtualization
 It will be useful for some applications, though not for all
 But what are the right learning objectives?
 Awareness (its there ...)
 Mechanics (here’s how to instantiate a server ...)
 Design (how to make a scalable service ...)
 ???
For Fall 2009 ...
 Currently developing a Virtualization / Cloud Computing “module”
 1 – 2 class sessions plus an exercise
 Target courses (November):
 COP 6990 – Multi-Process Computing (Simmons)
 CTS 4817 – Web Server Administration (Owsnicki-Klewe)
 Objectives
 Awareness and mechanics of EC2

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Though the concept of “clouds” is not new, it is undisputable that they have proven a major
commercial success over recent years and will play a large part in the ICT domain over the next 10
years or more, as future systems will exploit the capabilities of managed services and resource
provisioning further. Clouds are of particular commercial interest not only with the growing
tendency to outsource IT so as to reduce management overhead and to extend existing, limited IT
infrastructures, but even more importantly, they reduce the entrance barrier for new service
providers to offer their respective capabilities to a wide market with a minimum of entry costs and
infrastructure requirements – in fact, the special capabilities of cloud infrastructures allow providers
to experiment with novel service types whilst reducing the risk of wasting resources; .
Cloud systems are not to be misunderstood as just another form of resource provisioning
infrastructure and in fact, as this report shows, multiple opportunities arise from the principles for
cloud infrastructures that will enable further types of applications, reduced development and
provisioning time of different services. Cloud computing has particular characteristics that
distinguish it from classical resource and service provisioning environments:
(1) it is (more-or-less) infinitely scalable; (2) it provides one or more of an infrastructure for
platforms, a platform for applications or applications (via services) themselves; (3) thus clouds can be
used for every purpose from disaster recovery/business continuity through to a fully outsourced ICT
service for an organisation; (4) clouds shift the costs for a business opportunity from CAPEX to OPEX
which allows finer control of expenditure and avoids costly asset acquisition and maintenance
reducing the entry threshold barrier; (5) currently the major cloud providers had already invested in
large scale infrastructure and now offer a cloud service to exploit it; (6) as a consequence the cloud
offerings are heterogeneous and without agreed interfaces; (7) cloud providers essentially provide
datacentres for outsourcing; (8) there are concerns over security if a business places its valuable
knowledge, information and data on an external service; (9) there are concerns over availability and
business continuity – with some recent examples of failures; (10) there are concerns over data
shipping over anticipated broadband speeds.
The concept of cloud computing is linked intimately with those of IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service);
PaaS (Platform as a Service), SaaS (Software as a Service) and collectively *aaS (Everything as a
Service) all of which imply a service-oriented architecture.
Open Research Issues
CLOUD TECHNOLOGIES AND MODELS HAVE NOT YET REACHED THEIR FULL POTENTIAL AND MANY OF THE CAPABILITIES
ASSOCIATED WITH CLOUDS ARE NOT YET DEVELOPED AND RESEARCHED TO A DEGREE THAT ALLOWS THEIR EXPLOITATION
TO THE FULL DEGREE, RESPECTIVELY MEETING ALL REQUIREMENTS UNDER ALL POTENTIAL CIRCUMSTANCES OF USAGE.
Many aspects are still in an experimental stage where the long-term impact on provisioning and
usage is as yet unknown. Furthermore, plenty of as yet unforeseen challenges arise from exploiting
the cloud capabilities to their full potential, involving in particular aspects deriving from the large
degree of scalability and heterogeneity of the underlying resources. We can thereby distinguish
between technological gaps on the one hand, that need to be closed in order to realize cloud
infrastructures that fulfil the specific cloud characteristics and non-technological issues on the other
hand that in particular reduce uptake and viability of cloud systems:
To the technological aspects belong in particular issues related to (1) scale and elastic scalability,
which is not only currently restricted to horizontal scale out, but also inefficient as it tends to
resource over usage due to limited scale down capabilities and full replication of instances rather
than only of essential segments. (2) Trust, security and privacy always pose issues in any internet
provided service, but due to the specific nature of clouds, additional aspects related e.g. to multitenancy
arise and control over data location etc. arise. What is more, clouds simplify malicious use of
resources, e.g. for hacking purposes, but also for sensitive calculations (such as weapon design) etc.
(3) Handling data in clouds is still complicated - in particular as data size and diversity grows, pure
replication is no viable approach, leading to consistency and efficiency issues. Also, the lacking
control over data location and missing provenance poses security and legalistic issues. (4)
Programming models are currently not aligned to highly scalable applications and thus do not exploit
the capabilities of clouds, whilst they should also simplify development. Along the same line,
developers, providers and users should be able to control and restrict distribution and scaling
behaviour. This relates to (5) systems development and management which is currently still
executed mostly manually, thus contributing to substantial efficiency and bottleneck issues.
On the other hand, non-technological issues play a major role in realizing these technological aspects
and in ensuring viability of the infrastructures in the first instance. To these belong in particular (1)
economic aspects which cover knowledge about when, why, how to use which cloud system how
this impacts on the original infrastructure (provider) –long-term experience is lacking in all these
areas; and (2) legalistic issues which come as a consequence from the dynamic (location) handling of
the clouds, their scalability and the partially unclear legislative issues in the internet. This covers in
particular issues related to intellectual property rights and data protection. In addition, (3) aspects
related to green IT need to be elaborated further, as the cloud offers principally “green capabilities”
by reducing unnecessary power consumption, given that good scaling behaviour and good economic
models are in place.
Europe and Clouds
Notwithstanding common beliefs, clouds are not a phenomenon entirely imported from abroad. This
report will elaborate the main opportunities for European industry and research to be pursued with
respect to the specific capabilities and remaining gaps.
This document provides a detailed analysis of Europe’s position with respect to cloud provisioning,
and how this affects in particular future research and development in this area. The report is based
on a series of workshops involving experts from different areas related to cloud technologies.
In more detail, the identified opportunities are: (1) Provisioning and further development of Cloud
infrastructures, where in particular telecommunication companies are expected to provide offerings;
(2) Provisioning and advancing cloud platforms, which the telecommunication industry might see as
a business opportunity, as well as large IT companies with business in Europe and even large non-IT
businesses with hardware not fully utilised. (3) Enhanced service provisioning and development of
meta-services: Europe could and should develop a ‘free market for IT services’ to match those for
movement of goods, services, capital, and skills. Again telecommunication industry could
supplement their services as ISPs with extended cloud capabilities; (4) provision of consultancy to
assist businesses to migrate to, and utilise effectively, clouds. This implies also provision of a toolset
to assist in analysis and migration.


download full report
http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/ict/ssai/doc...-final.pdf

PRESENTED BY:
Sanjay. A
Vivin John
Prashanth C Parekh

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[attachment=10596]
Abstract
• Cloud computing is the provision of dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources as a service over the Internet on a utility basis.
• Users need not have knowledge of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure in the "cloud" that supports them.
• Cloud computing services often provide common business applications online that are accessed from a web browser, while the software and data are stored on the servers
Existing System
• As we all know , for us to work on an app, we need to follow some complicated procedures like downloading, installation, blah blah… then finally we get to work on that app.
• Even while workin on that app we often tend to wonder about the new fetures and the upgradation part that takes lots of time and money.
• Every computing machine need to install its own OS for it to work.
• Current internet system is not effective in managing efficiency, time and costs simultaneously. ( In nerd’s terms like not scalable, not reliable etc. )
Proposed System
• The concept of Cloud computing dates back to 1960 when JOHN McCARTHY imagined that computation may some day be a public utility.
• Cloud computing is a natural evolution of the widespread adoption of virtualization, service-oriented architecture, autonomic and utility computing. Details are abstracted from end-users, who no longer have need for expertise in, or control over, the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them.[1]
• System Requirements
Hardware requirements:
STANDARD CONFIGURATED COMPUTER :
• Processor : Any Processor above 500 MHz.
• Ram : 1Gb.
• Hard Disk : 80 GB.
• Compact Disk : 650 Mb.
• Input device : Standard Keyboard and Mouse.
• Output device : VGA and High Resolution Monitor.
Software requirements:
Server side : ( configurated computer with apache or tom cat app installed)
Client side : (Ordinary computer with only OS and browsing app installed)
Operating System : Windows 2000 server Family.
Language : .NET, C#, Ajax , PHP
Browser : Mozilla Firefox

[attachment=10660]
What is Cloud Computing?
Definitions:
“Cloud computing is a general term for anything that involves delivering hosted services over the internet.” – Wikipedia
“Cloud computing is Internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices on demand, like the electricity grid.”- Wikipedia
Basically a cloud is a virtualization of resources that manages and maintains itself.
• Enterprise Software today
• Cloud Computing Layers
• What is a Cloud?
Why Cloud computing?
• Traditional Software
• Software as a Service
• Cloud Computing
Cloud Anatomy
Broadly classified under the three categories:
1. IaaS: Infrastructure as a service.
2. PasS: Platform as a service.
3. SaaS: Application/Software as a Service.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
Cloud infrastructure services or "Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)" delivers computer infrastructure, typically a platform virtualization environment as a service. Rather than purchasing servers, software, data center space or network equipment, clients instead buy those resources as a fully outsourced service.
Examples:- IBM Blue house, VMWare, Amazon EC2, Microsoft Azure Platform, Sun Parascale and more
Benefits to the clients:
u 1. Stop worrying about heavy traffic and bandwidth requirements.
u 2. Pay as you go.
u 3. No need to buy high configuration servers from day one.
u 4. Low maintenance.
Platform as a Service (PaaS):
Platform-as-a-service in the cloud is defined as a set of software and product development tools hosted on the provider’s infrastructure.
Developers create applications on the provider’s platform over the Internet. PaaS providers may use APIs, website portals or gateway software installed on the customer’s computer Force.com, (an outgrowth of Salesforce.com) and GoogleApps are examples of PaaS.
Developers need to know that currently, there are not standards for interoperability or data portability in the cloud. Some providers will not allow software created by their customers to be moved off the provider’s platform.
Examples:- Middleware, Intergation, Messaging, Information, connectivity etc
AWS, IBM Virtual images, Boomi, CastIron, Google Appengine
Software as a Service (SaaS):
In the software-as-a-service cloud model, the vendor supplies the hardware infrastructure, the software product and interacts with the user through a front-end portal. SaaS is a very broad market. Services
can be anything from Web-based email to inventory control and database processing. Because the service provider hosts both the application and the data, the end user Is free to use the service from
anywhere. There are several successful SaaS model running all over the web.
Examples:-
 Gmail, GoogleCalender
 Payroll, HR, CRM etc
 Sugarm CRM, IBM Lotus Live
Types Of Clouds
• Public Cloud: the services are delivered to the client via the Internet from a third party service provider.
Example: Amazon
• Private Cloud: these services are managed and provided within the organization. There are less restriction on network bandwidth, fewer security exposures and other legal requirements compared to the public Cloud.
Example: HP Data Centers
Cloud computing technology
Utility computing
• To say it simply, it is a price model based on resource usage quantity.
• Utility computing allows companies to only pay for the computing resources they need, when they need them.
• The main benefit of utility computing is better economics.
What cloud computing means to users?
• Lower client workload
• Lower Total Cost Ownership
• Separation of infrastructure maintenance duties from
• domain-specific application development
• Separation of application code from physical resources
• Not have to purchase assets for one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks
• Expand resource on-demand
• Make the application have high availability
• Quickly deploy application
• Pay per use
• Cloud computing infrastructure
features
• Self-healing
• Multi-tenancy
• Virtualized
• Linearly Scalable
• Resource Monitor and measure
• Resource registration and discovery
• Difficulties for cloud computing
• Continuous high availability
Consistency
• Interoperability and standardization
• Scalability of all components
• Data secrecy
• Legal and political problem of data store and
translation across regions
• Performance issue
• Difficulty customizing
• Organizational obstacle
Cloud computing products and market
• Market Opportunities
• Cloud Providers
• Cloud computing open source
projects
Infrastructure management projects :-
Enomalism, convirt, redhat genome, hyperVM.
lxlabs, LN, OpenNEbula.
Useful open source projects to build cloud platform-:

Kenso, hyperic, virt-P2V

Prepared by:
Samer Meqdad

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[attachment=11156]
The Little Story of Cloud Computing
 I’m Utility Computing
 I package computing resources as a metered service
 I’m economic
 I’m Distributed Computing
 I allow computations to run on several networked computers
 I’m cool
Cloud Computing is
 A distributed computation model which offers managed, scalable, secured, highly-available computation resources and software as a service
 The Cloud abstracts the complexity of software.
 The Cloud is the INTERNET
Cloud Infrastructure
 Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
 Dynamic Scalability
 Primary enabler is Virtualization technology
 You pay for processing time you ACTUALLY use
Commercial Examples
 Amazon Elastic Computing Cloud (EC2)
 Microsoft Azure Services Platform
Cloud Storage
 Storage as a service
 Scalable, Reliable and Highly Available
 You pay for space and bandwidth you ACTUALLY use
Commercial Examples
 Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3)
 Amazon SimpleDB
 Microsoft Azure SQL Services
 Microsoft Azure Simple Data Storage (SDS)
Cloud Platform
 Solution stack to develop & deliver apps/services
 Computing Platform as a service (PaaS)
 Cloud Types: Instance & Fabric
Commercial Examples
 Amazon Simple Queue Service
 Microsoft Azure .NET Services
 Microsoft Windows Azure (IIS7, .NET 3.5,
FastCGI)

PRESENTATION BY
KHUSHBOO

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[attachment=12023]
CLOUD COMPUTING
DEFINITION:
INTRODUCTION
 The underlying concept of cloud computing dates back to 1960, when John McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility"; indeed it shares characteristics with service bureaus that date back to the 1960s.
 The actual term "cloud" borrows from telephony in that telecommunications companies, who until the 1990s primarily offered dedicated point-to-point data circuits, began offering “VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN)” services with comparable quality of service but at a much lower cost.
 The cloud symbol was used to denote the demarcation point between that which was the responsibility of the provider from that of the user. Cloud computing extends this boundary to cover servers as well as the network infrastructure.
 Cost is claimed to be greatly reduced and capital expenditure is converted to operational expenditure. Device and location independence enable users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they are using.
USES
 Helps to use applications without installations.
 Access the personal files at any computer with internet access.
 This technology allows much more efficient computation by centralizing storage, memory, processing and band width.
SURVEY
 Based on a study conducted in June 2009 by version one, 41% of IT senior professionals doesn’t have sound knowledge on cloud computing.
 In September 2009, Aberdeen Group found that 18% reduction in there IT budget and a 16% reduction in data center power costs.
LAYERS
APPLICATIONS
 Cloud application services or "Software as a Service (SaaS)" deliver ‘software’ as a service over the Internet, eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's own computers and simplifying maintenance and support.
PLATFORM
 Cloud platform services or "Platform as a Service (PaaS)" deliver a computing platform and/or solution stack as a service, often consuming cloud infrastructure and sustaining cloud applications. It facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers.
INFRASTRUCTURE
SERVER
 The servers layer consists of computer hardware and/or computer software products that are specifically designed for the delivery of cloud services, including multi-core processors, cloud-specific operating systems and combined offerings
DEPLOYMENT MODELS
HYBRID CLOUD & PRIVATE CLOUD
CRITICISM
 Richard Stallman, founder of the Free Software Foundation and creator of the computer operating system GNU, said that cloud computing was simply a trap aimed at forcing more people to buy into locked, proprietary systems that would cost them more and more over time. "It's stupidity. It's worse than stupidity: it's a marketing hype campaign," he told The Guardian. "Somebody is saying this is inevitable – and whenever you hear somebody saying that, it's very likely to be a set of businesses campaigning to make it true." "The interesting thing about cloud computing is that we've redefined cloud computing to include everything that we already do," he said.
 The main drawback behind the concept of Cloud Computing is we can’t completely rely on third party when we are transmitting sensitive data.
ISSUES
LEGAL
 In March 2007, Dell applied to trademark the term "cloud computing" (U.S. Trademark 77,139,082) in the United States. The "Notice of Allowance" the company received in July 2008 was cancelled in August, resulting in a formal rejection of the trademark application less than a week later.
 Since 2007, the number of trademark filings covering cloud computing brands, goods and services has increased at an almost exponential rate. As companies sought to better position themselves for cloud computing branding and marketing efforts, “cloud computing trademark filings increased by 483% between 2008 and 2009.” In 2009, 116 cloud computing trademarks were filed, and trademark analysts predict that over “500 such marks could be filed during 2010.”
SECURITY
 The relative security of cloud computing services is a contentious issue which may be delaying its adoption. Some argue that customer data is more secure when managed internally, while others argue that cloud providers have a strong incentive to maintain trust and as such employ a higher level of security.
CONCLUSION
 Cloud computing is a better way to run your business. Instead of running your apps yourself, they run on a shared data center. When you use any app that runs in the cloud, you just log in, customize it, and start using it. That’s the power of cloud computing.
 Finally, cloud apps don’t eat up your valuable IT resources, so your CFO will love it. This lets you focus on deploying more apps, new projects, and innovation
THE BOTTOM LINE
Cloud computing is a simple idea, but it can have a huge impact on your business.

Presented byBy,
P. Naveen Kumar

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[attachment=12179]
What is Cloud Computing?
 Using or sharing the Computer Technology,
Hardware, and Software over the Internet.
In Brief
 Cloud Computing refers to both the applications delivered as services over the Internet and the hardware and systems software in the datacenters that provide those services.
Evolution
 The idea of cloud computing is evolved from parallel processing, distributed computing and grid computing. There is a bit similarity between them but they work differently.
Related Technologies
 Grid computing
 Utility Computing
Autonomic Computing
Cloud Computing defined…
 “A style of Computing in which dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources are provided as a service over the Internet”
History
 The underlying concept of cloud computing dates back to 1960s, when John McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility.
 The actual term "cloud" borrows from telephony in that telecommunications companies.
 Amazon played a key role and in 2007, Google, IBM, and a number of universities embarked and by mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services.
 Architecture
 General Mechanism
Working Principle
 Classification
 Public Cloud
 Publicly accessible, self-service model:
 Access via well-defined & published Web Services(i.e. SOAP or REST).
 Access via management portal.-per-use.
Free or pay.
 No ongoing contract or commitment.
Private Cloud
 Emulate Public Cloud on private / internal resources.
 Gives benefit of Clouds (elasticity, dynamic provisioning, multiplexing) while:
 Maintaining control of resources (security).
 Meeting Corporate/Regulatory req.(governance).
 Option to scale out to Public Cloud. Hybrid Cloud
 Combination of private/internal and external Cloud resources.
 “Cloudbursting” to handle “Flash Crowds”.
 Provision additional resources from Public Clouds on-demand.
 Release resource when no longer needed.
 Can outsource non-critical functions.
 Architectural Layers
Software as a service (SaaS)
 Software as a service features a complete application offered as a service on demand. A single instance of the software runs on the cloud and services multiple end users or client organizations.
Public Storage Clouds –
Storage as a Service
 Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3)
 Amazon CloudFront
 Nirvanix Storage Delivery Network
 Mosso Cloud Files
 Microsoft Azure Storage Services
Platform as a service (PaaS)
 Platform as a service encapsulates a layer of software and provides it as a service that can be used to build higher‐level services. It involved, middleware, Integration, Messaging, Information, Connectivity setup.
Public App Clouds –
Platform as a Service
 Google AppEngine
 Microsoft Azure Services Platform
 Salesforce.com / Force.com
 Mosso Cloud Sites
 Heroku
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
 Infrastructure as a service delivers basic storage and compute capabilities as standardized services over the network.
 Servers, switches, routers, and other systems are pooled and made available to handle workloads of high‐performance computing applications.
Public Compute Clouds –
Infrastructure as a Service
 AmazonEC2
 GoGrid
 SliceHost
 Mosso Cloud Servers
Working with Cloud Computing
 Key features
 Agility
 Cost
 Device
 Multi-tenancy
 Reliability
 Scalability
 Security
 Maintenance
 Metering
 Cloud Computing Market
 Key Characteristics
Virtualization
Technology
 Virtualization technology works to handle on how the image of the operating system, middleware, and application pro‐created and allocated to a physical machine or part of the server stack away.
 Key Characteristics
Service‐Oriented Architecture (SOA)
 A service‐oriented architecture is essentially a collection of services that communicate with each other.
 The SOA is software or system architecture that addressing componentization, reusability, extensibility, and flexibility.
Statistics of Recent Growth
 Research Issues
 Interoperability
 Portability
 Reliability & Monitoring
 Data Security and Jurisdiction
 Innovative Cloud Pricing Models
 Innovative Service Models
 Pros and Cons
Conclusion & Future Scope
 Thus Cloud Computing provide a super – computing power. This Cloud of Computers extends beyond a single company or enterprise.
 In future, the security and reliability shall be improved by the introduction of certain globally accepted standards.

Presented by:
RINI ANN VARGHESE

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[attachment=13476]
OVERVIEW
Have a look at what experts say…
A paradigm shift in which computing is moved from personal computers to a ‘cloud’ of computers
Simply a metaphor for the internet
It’s about new IT infrastructure, new business and programming models
Comes into play when affordability and huge infrastructure become a big headache for smaller enterprises
CLOUD COMPUTING
More About Cloud Computing…
A paradigm
Information is permanently stored in servers on the internet
Cached temporarily on clients like desktops, hand-helds, sensors etc.
A style of computing
IT services and resources are provided as a service over the internet
The concept generally incorporates the following:
Software as a Service (SaaS)
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Why Cloud Computing…?
IT Efficiency-
Minimize Costs
Business Agility- Maximize Return
History of Cloud Computing
The underlying concept dates back to 1960’s
“Computation may someday be organized as a public utility ” -John McCarthy
The term ‘Cloud’ into commercial use in the early 1990’s
General Magic launched a short-lived Cloud Computing product in 1995
Salesforce.com was established in 1999 which provided the concept of ‘On Demand’ & Saas
History of CC (Contd…)
In the early 2000’s Microsoft extended this concepts
IBM detailed these concept in 2001
Amazon modernized their datacenters in 2005
In 2007 Google, IBM etc embarked on a large scale CC research project
By mid 2008 CC gained popularity in the mainstream press
Characteristics of CC
Agility
Cost
Device and Location Independence
Multi- Tenancy
Reliability and Self Healing
Scalability
Security
Sustainability
Components of CC
Clients
Services
Application
Platform
Storage
Infrastructure
CC Architecture
Fig: 1 How users connect to the cloud…
CC Architecture (Contd…)
User Interaction Interface:
How users of cloud interface with the cloud
Services catalogue:
Services a user can request
System management:
Manages the resources available
CC Architecture (Contd…)
Provisioning tool: Carves out the systems from the cloud to deliver on the requested service
Monitoring and metering:
Tracks the usage of the cloud (optional)
Servers:
Virtual or physical servers managed by System management
CC Infrastructure Models
Why CC is the Wave of the Future?
Software as a Subscription
Reduced Software Maintenance
Increased Reliability
Increased Scalability
Cost Reduction
Environment Friendly
Matches Current Computing Trends
Portability/ Accessibility
Efficient Use of Computer Resources
Versionless Software
CRITICISM
&
DISADVANTAGES
CC does not allow users to physically possess the storage of their data
CC limits the freedom of users
CC is dependent on internet connection
CC endangers liberties
It would be a challenge for hosting access restricted sites
Some platforms are still in beta
FUTURE OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Trend of large vendors entering CC will accelerate
All major IDEs will provide cloud deployment options
A next- generation of “Middleware for the cloud” will rise in dominance over traditional J2EE Application Servers
System administration & Configuration and Network Management will become a field bursting with innovation
CONCLUSION
This was what the pioneers in the field concluded…
Cloud Computing is the next big wave in computing
A powerful new abstraction for large scale data processing systems
A new emerging architecture which can expand the Internet to become the computing platform of the future

[attachment=14114]
Cloud computing
History has a funny way of repeating itself, or so they say. But it may come as some surprise to find this old cliché applies just as much to the history of computers as to wars, revolutions, and kings and queens. For the last three decades, one trend in computing has been loud and clear: big, centralized, mainframe systems have been "out"; personalized, power-to-the-people, do-it-yourself PCs have been "in." Before personal computers took off in the early 1980s, if your company needed sales or payroll figures calculating in a hurry, you'd most likely have bought in specialized "data-processing" services from another company, with its own expensive computer systems, that specialized in number crunching; these days, you can do the job just as easily on your desktop with off-the-shelf software. Or can you? In a striking throwback to the 1970s, many companies are finding, once again, that buying in computer services makes more business sense than do-it-yourself. This new trend is called cloud computing and, not surprisingly, it's linked to the Internet's inexorable rise. What is cloud computing? How does it work? Let's take a closer look!
Photo: Cloud computing: the hardware, software, and applications you're using may be anywhere up in the "cloud." As long as it all does what you want, you don't need to worry where it is or how it works. Composite photo by Explainthatstuff.com based on a picture of an IBM Blue Gene/P supercomputer, by courtesy of Argonne National Laboratory, published under a Creative Commons Licence, and a cloud photo by Brian Ferguson courtesy of US Air Force.
What is cloud computing?
Cloud computing means that instead of all the computer hardware and software you're using sitting on your desktop, or somewhere inside your company's network, it's provided for you as a service by another company and accessed over the Internet, usually in a completely seamless way. Exactly where the hardware and software is located and how it all works doesn't matter to you, the user—it's just somewhere up in the nebulous "cloud" that the Internet represents.
Cloud computing is a buzzword that means different things to different people. For some, it's just another way of describing IT (information technology) "outsourcing"; others use it to mean any computing service provided over the Internet or a similar network; and some define it as any bought-in computer service you use that sits outside your firewall. However we define cloud computing, there's no doubt it makes most sense when we stop talking about abstract definitions and look at some simple, real examples—so let's do just that.
Simple examples of cloud computing
Most of us use cloud computing all day long without realizing it. When you sit at your PC and type a query into Google, the computer on your desk isn't playing much part in finding the answers you need: it's no more than a messenger. The words you type are swiftly shuttled over the Net to one of Google's hundreds of thousands of clustered PCs, which dig out your results and send them promptly back to you. When you do a Google search, the real work in finding your answers might be done by a computer sitting in California, Dublin, Tokyo, or Beijing; you don't know—and most likely you don't care!
The same applies to Web-based email. Once upon a time, email was something you could only send and receive using a program running on your PC (sometimes called a mail client). But then Web-based services such as Hotmail came along and carried email off into the cloud. Now we're all used to the idea that emails can be stored and processed through a server in some remote part of the world, easily accessible from a Web browser, wherever we happen to be. Pushing email off into the cloud makes it supremely convenient for busy people, constantly on the move.
Preparing documents over the Net is a newer example of cloud computing. Simply log on to a web-based service such as Google Documents and you can create a document, spreadsheet, presentation, or whatever you like using Web-based software. Instead of typing your words into a program like Microsoft Word or OpenOffice, running on your computer, you're using similar software running on a PC at one of Google's world-wide data centers. Like an email drafted on Hotmail, the document you produce is stored remotely, on a Web server, so you can access it from any Internet-connected computer, anywhere in the world, any time you like. Using a Web-based service like this means you're "contracting out" or "outsourcing" some of your computing needs to a company such as Google: they pay the cost of developing the software and keeping it up-to-date and they earn back the money to do this through advertising and other paid-for services.

send sum IEEE 2011 papers
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http://studentbank.in/report-cloud-computing?page=2

http://studentbank.in/report-cloud-compu...219?page=2

http://seminarsprojects.in/attachment.php?aid=5629

to get information about the topic green cloud computing full report ,ppt and related topic refer the page link bellow

http://studentbank.in/report-green-cloud-full-report

http://studentbank.in/report-green-compu...port--7314

http://studentbank.in/report-cloud-compu...dea?page=3

http://studentbank.in/report-cloud-computing

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http://studentbank.in/report-cloud-compu...oject-idea

http://studentbank.in/report-cloud-computing?page=2

http://studentbank.in/report-cloud-compu...041?page=3

http://studentbank.in/report-cloud-compu...041?page=4

http://studentbank.in/report-cloud-computing--4041

http://studentbank.in/report-cloud-computing?page=3

http://studentbank.in/report-cloud-compu...041?page=5

http://studentbank.in/report-cloud-compu...219?page=3

http://studentbank.in/report-cloud-compu...041?page=2

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