:heart:Multiprotocol Label Switching:heart:
In computer networking and telecommunications, Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a data-carrying mechanism that belongs to the family of packet-switched networks. MPLS operates at an OSI Model layer that is generally considered to lie between traditional definitions of Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) and Layer 3 (Network Layer), and thus is often referred to as a Layer 2.5 protocol. It was designed to provide a unified data-carrying service for both circuit-based clients and p ....etc

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ABSTRACT
In IP routing each packet travels from one router to the next, each router makes an independent forwarding decision for that packet. That is each router analyses packet header, and each router runs a network layer routing algorithm. Each router independently chooses a next hop for the packet, based on its analysis and the results of running the routing algorithm.
In conventional IP forwarding a particular router will typically consider two packets to be in the same FEC(forward equivalence class) if there i ....etc

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DOTSOFT the IT TOOL used in BSNL
1. External/internal infrastructure
• External infrastructure : Lines and cables ( U/G including OFC )
• Internal infrastructure : Battery, Power Plant, E/A, A/C plant, MDF, Switches ( C-DOT, OCB 283, EWSD, AXE etc ), Leased Lines ( MLLN ), Broad Band, MPLS VPN,
2. Services offered by BSNL
• WLL: CDMA Technology
• INTERNET
• BROAD BAND
• MANAGED NETWORK SERVICES
• MPLS VPN
• ISDN
• LEASED LINES
• VSAT
• IN SERVICES
• VALUE ADDED SERVICES
....etc

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ABSTRACT

An increasing demand for Quality of Service on the Internet has led to various developments in that area. Differentiated Services is a technique to provide such Quality of Service in an efficient and scalable way.

Management of computer networks involves both monitoring of running services as well as the configuration of those services. On the Internet, the SNMP protocol is used to retrieve and set variables in a MIB. In order to facilitate the management of routers equipped with Differentiated Services, the IE ....etc

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In early 1997, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) established the Multi-protocol Label Switching (MPLS) working group to produce a unified and interoperable multilayer switching standard as each vendor (Cisco Systems, Lucent, and so on) developed a proprietary multilayer switching solution, maintaining the IP control component and label-swapping components in different ways. The majority of these multilayer switching solutions required an ATM transport because they could not operate over mixed media infrastructures, su ....etc

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In early 1997, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) established the Multi-protocol Label Switching (MPLS) working group to produce a unified and interoperable multilayer switching standard as each vendor (Cisco Systems, Lucent, and so on) developed a proprietary multilayer switching solution, maintaining the IP control component and label-swapping components in different ways. The majority of these multilayer switching solutions required an ATM transport because they could not operate over mixed media infrastructures, su ....etc

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:heart:Multiprotocol Label Switching:heart:
In computer networking and telecommunications, Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a data-carrying mechanism that belongs to the family of packet-switched networks. MPLS operates at an OSI Model layer that is generally considered to lie between traditional definitions of Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) and Layer 3 (Network Layer), and thus is often referred to as a Layer 2.5 protocol. It was designed to provide a unified data-carrying service for both circuit-based clients and p ....etc

[:=Read Full Message Here=:]

ABSTRACT
In IP routing each packet travels from one router to the next, each router makes an independent forwarding decision for that packet. That is each router analyses packet header, and each router runs a network layer routing algorithm. Each router independently chooses a next hop for the packet, based on its analysis and the results of running the routing algorithm.
In conventional IP forwarding a particular router will typically consider two packets to be in the same FEC(forward equivalence class) if there i ....etc

[:=Read Full Message Here=:]

In early 1997, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) established the Multi-protocol Label Switching (MPLS) working group to produce a unified and interoperable multilayer switching standard as each vendor (Cisco Systems, Lucent, and so on) developed a proprietary multilayer switching solution, maintaining the IP control component and label-swapping components in different ways. The majority of these multilayer switching solutions required an ATM transport because they could not operate over mixed media infrastructures, su ....etc

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Introduction

The emergence of optical transport systems has dramatically increased the raw capacity of optical networks and has enabled new sophisticated applications. For example, network-based storage, bandwidth leasing, data mirroring, add/drop multiplexing , dense wavelength division multiplexing , optical cross-connect , photonic cross-connect , and multiservice switching platforms are some of the devices that may make up an optical network and are expected to be the main carriers for the growth in data traffic.

....etc

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This report on Bharti Airtel is done to findout certain objective regarding the
strategic approach Adopted by Airtel to stand strongly in the competitive telecom
market. Airtelâ„¢s marketing strategies are analyses using various models like
SWOT analysis, BCG Matrix, Ansoffâ„¢s matrix, porterâ„¢s five forces etc.

http://ziddudownload/5196011/airtel.pdf.html ....etc

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Voice over Multiprotocol Label switching
Challenges in IP network
 Shortest path is followed in IP network
 Load sharing is not possible
 Congestion is created in IP network
 Routing in network layer
 Processing is slow and delay is more
SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM ?
MPLS
• Multi protocol label switching
• Reduces excessive delay
• Instead of shortest follows suitable path on the basis of constraint
• Reduce packet loss
• Provide TE
• Provide QOS ....etc

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