Space is a hostile environment. No atmosphere, extreme variations in temperature and almost no energy sources, where even the slightest of mistakes can lead to a disaster. The vast emptiness of space is filled with radiation, mostly from the sun.

A normal computer unless given proper shielding will not be able to work properly. Thus special types of chips- rad hard chips are used.

Radiation hardened chips are made by two methods: -
Radiation hardening by process (RHBP)
Radiation hardening by design (R ....etc

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Definition

Computer chips of today are synchronous. They contain a main clock, which controls the timing of the entire chips. There are problems, however, involved with these clocked designs that are common today.One problem is speed. A chip can only work as fast as its slowest component. Therefore, if one part of the chip is especially slow, the other parts of the chip are forced to sit idle. This wasted computed time is obviously detrimental to the speed of the chip.

New problems with speeding up a clocked chip are just around the corn ....etc

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Most of us wonâ„¢t like the idea of
implanting a biochip in our body that identifies us uniquely and can be
used to track our location. That would be a major loss of privacy. But
there is a flip side to this! Such biochips could help agencies to
locate lost children, downed soldiers and wandering Alzheimerâ„¢s
patients.


The human body is the next big target of chipmakers. It wonâ„¢t
be long before biochip implants will come to the rescue of sick, or
those who are handicapped in someway. Large amount of money and
researc ....etc

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RADIATION HARDENED CHIPS

Space is a hostile environment. No atmosphere, extreme variations in temperature and almost no energy sources, where even the slightest of mistakes can lead to a disaster. The vast emptiness of space is filled with radiation, mostly from the sun. A normal computer unless given proper shielding will not be able to work properly. Thus special types of chips- rad hard chips are used.

Radiation hardened chips are made by two methods: - Radiation hardening by process (RHBP) and Radiation hardening by design (RHBD). The ....etc

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1. INTRODUCTION

Computer chips of today are synchronous. They contain a main clock, which controls the timing of the entire chips. There are problems, however, involved with these clocked designs that are common today.

One problem is speed. A chip can only work as fast as its slowest component. Therefore, if one part of the chip is especially slow, the other parts of the chip are forced to sit idle. This wasted computed time is obviously detrimental to the speed of the chip.

New problems with speeding up a clo ....etc

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Clockless Chips

Clock speeds are now in the gigahertz range and there is not much room for speedup before physical realities start to complicate things. With gigahertz clock powering a chip, signals barely have enough time to make it across the chip before the next clock tick. At this point, speeding up the clock frequency could become disastrous. This is where a chip that is not constricted by clock comes in to action.

Clockless approach, which uses a technique known as asynchronous logic, diff ....etc

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Introduction


DNA chips also known as micro arrays are very significant technological development in molecular biology and are perhaps most efficient tool available for functional genomics today. An evident from the name micro array essentially consists of an array of either Oligonucleotides or cDNA fixed on a substrate. There has been an explosion of information in the field of genomics in the last five years. Genomes of several organisms have been fully sequenced. The next step necessarily involves the analysis of comparative expression l ....etc

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INTRODUCTION

Today's microprocessors sport a general-purpose design which has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Adv: One chip can run a range of programs. That's why you don't need separate computers for different jobs, such as crunching spreadsheets or editing digital photos
Disadv: For any one application, much of the chip's circuitry isn't needed, and the presence of those wasted circuits slows things down.

Suppose, instead, that the chip's circuits could be tailored specifically for the problem at hand--say, computer-ai ....etc

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Today's microprocessors sport a general-purpose design which has its own advantages and disadvantages. ? Adv: One chip can run a range of programs. That's why you don't need separate computers for different jobs, such as crunching spreadsheets or editing digital photos ? Disadv: For any one application, much of the chip's circuitry isn't needed, and the presence of those wasted circuits slows things down. Suppose, instead, that the chip's circuits could be tailored specifically for the problem at hand--say, computer-aided design--and then rew ....etc

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Clock speeds are now in the gigahertz range and there is not much room for speedup before physical realities start to complicate things. With gigahertz clock powering a chip, signals barely have enough time to make it across the chip before the next clock tick. At this point, speeding up the clock frequency could become disastrous. This is where a chip that is not constricted by clock comes in to action. Clockless approach, which uses a technique known as asynchronous logic, differs from conventional computer circuit design in that the switchin ....etc

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