Introduction


DNA chips also known as micro arrays are very significant technological development in molecular biology and are perhaps most efficient tool available for functional genomics today. An evident from the name micro array essentially consists of an array of either Oligonucleotides or cDNA fixed on a substrate. There has been an explosion of information in the field of genomics in the last five years. Genomes of several organisms have been fully sequenced. The next step necessarily involves the analysis of comparative expression l ....etc

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Definition

Computer chips of today are synchronous. They contain a main clock, which controls the timing of the entire chips. There are problems, however, involved with these clocked designs that are common today.One problem is speed. A chip can only work as fast as its slowest component. Therefore, if one part of the chip is especially slow, the other parts of the chip are forced to sit idle. This wasted computed time is obviously detrimental to the speed of the chip.

New problems with speeding up a clocked chip are just around the corn ....etc

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Today's microprocessors sport a general-purpose design which has its own advantages and disadvantages. ? Adv: One chip can run a range of programs. That's why you don't need separate computers for different jobs, such as crunching spreadsheets or editing digital photos ? Disadv: For any one application, much of the chip's circuitry isn't needed, and the presence of those wasted circuits slows things down. Suppose, instead, that the chip's circuits could be tailored specifically for the problem at hand--say, computer-aided design--and then rew ....etc

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INTRODUCTION

Today's microprocessors sport a general-purpose design which has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Adv: One chip can run a range of programs. That's why you don't need separate computers for different jobs, such as crunching spreadsheets or editing digital photos
Disadv: For any one application, much of the chip's circuitry isn't needed, and the presence of those wasted circuits slows things down.

Suppose, instead, that the chip's circuits could be tailored specifically for the problem at hand--say, computer-ai ....etc

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Space is a hostile environment. No atmosphere, extreme variations in temperature and almost no energy sources, where even the slightest of mistakes can lead to a disaster. The vast emptiness of space is filled with radiation, mostly from the sun.

A normal computer unless given proper shielding will not be able to work properly. Thus special types of chips- rad hard chips are used.

Radiation hardened chips are made by two methods: -
Radiation hardening by process (RHBP)
Radiation hardening by design (R ....etc

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RADIATION HARDENED CHIPS

Space is a hostile environment. No atmosphere, extreme variations in temperature and almost no energy sources, where even the slightest of mistakes can lead to a disaster. The vast emptiness of space is filled with radiation, mostly from the sun. A normal computer unless given proper shielding will not be able to work properly. Thus special types of chips- rad hard chips are used.

Radiation hardened chips are made by two methods: - Radiation hardening by process (RHBP) and Radiation hardening by design (RHBD). The ....etc

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1. INTRODUCTION

Computer chips of today are synchronous. They contain a main clock, which controls the timing of the entire chips. There are problems, however, involved with these clocked designs that are common today.

One problem is speed. A chip can only work as fast as its slowest component. Therefore, if one part of the chip is especially slow, the other parts of the chip are forced to sit idle. This wasted computed time is obviously detrimental to the speed of the chip.

New problems with speeding up a clo ....etc

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EDGE Compact and EDGE Classic Packet Data Performance
Abstract
Even though cellular radio services have been extremely successful in providing untethered voice communications, wireless data services have captured only a limited market share so far. One obstacle for wireless data services is their limited peak bit rates. Existing wireless data rates, up to several tens of kb/s, may be over one order of magnitude short o ....etc

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EDGE Compact and EDGE Classic Packet Data Performance
Abstract
Even though cellular radio services have been extremely successful in providing untethered voice communications, wireless data services have captured only a limited market share so far. One obstacle for wireless data services is their limited peak bit rates. Existing wireless data rates, up to several tens of kb/s, may be over one order of magnitude short of what is required to make popular applications user-friendly. To accomplish these necessities we go for ....etc

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Most of us wonâ„¢t like the idea of
implanting a biochip in our body that identifies us uniquely and can be
used to track our location. That would be a major loss of privacy. But
there is a flip side to this! Such biochips could help agencies to
locate lost children, downed soldiers and wandering Alzheimerâ„¢s
patients.


The human body is the next big target of chipmakers. It wonâ„¢t
be long before biochip implants will come to the rescue of sick, or
those who are handicapped in someway. Large amount of money and
researc ....etc

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