Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is a fiber-optic transmission technique that employs light wavelengths to transmit data parallel-by-bit or serial-by-character.

The role of scalable DWDM systems in enabling service providers to accommodate consumer demand for ever-increasing amounts of bandwidth is important. DWDM is discussed as a crucial component of optical networks that allows the transmission of e-mail, video, multimedia, data, and voice”carried in Internet protocol (IP), asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), and synchro ....etc

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Optical Fiber Communications


1.0 Introduction of Optical Fiber Communications

Our current age of technology is the result of many brilliant inventions and discoveries, but it is our ability to transmit information, and the media we use to do it, that is perhaps most responsible for its evolution. Progressing from the copp cable, our increasing ability to transmit more information, more quickly and over longer distances has expanded the boundaries of our technological development in all areas. ....etc

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ABSTRACT:
Nanotechnology is a key for innovation in biology and material science. New motors move material samples or instruments with a step size of the atom diameter.TinyGrippers and other tools work precisely on micro and nanostructures. The world of the small things is formed which has revolutionized the world. Nanotechnology offers tools for applications in various areas such as medicine, nanotechnology, military, machinery and many other spheres of life. These include micromanipulators, grippers , AFM, STM, A ....etc

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ABSTRACT

The technology of combining a number of optical wavelengths and then transmitting the same through a single fibre is called wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Conceptually, the technology is similar to that of frequency division multiplexing (FDM) used in analogue transmission. Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is anew born multiplexing technology in the fibre optic transmission, bringing about a revolution in the bit rate carrying capacity over a single fibre. The emergent of DWDM system is on ....etc

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ABSTRACT
Free space optics ( FSO ) is a line-of-sight technology that currently enables optical transmission up to 2.5 Gbps of data, voice, and video communications through the air , allowing optical connectivity without deploying fiber optic cables or securing spectrum licenses. FSO system can carry full duplex data at giga bits per second rates over Metropolitan distances of a few city blocks of few kms. FSO, also known as optical wireless, overcomes this last-mile access bottleneck by sending high “b ....etc

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ABSTRACT
BiCMOS technology is a combination of Bipolar and CMOS technology. CMOS technology offers less power dissipation, smaller noise margins, and higher packing density. Bipolar technology, on the other hand, ensures high switching and I/O speed and good noise performance. It follows that BiCMOS technology accomplishes both - improved speed over CMOS and lower power dissipation than bipolar technology. The main drawback of BiCMOS technology is the higher costs due to the added process complexity. Impurity profiles have ....etc

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INTRODUCTION

In this project our aim is to develop an automated system to control all the operations of the key board and the mouse in order rescue the eyes of those who are sitting in front of the system hours together. So, here we are about to control all the functions of the mouse and some of the functions of keyboard such as, a)Directional keys (b) Start window (c) Close window (d) Enter key.
To do all these operations, firstly we need to install the software which is done as a front end application in .Net.
Actually, the proje ....etc

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In a WDM system, each of the wavelengths is launched into the fiber, and the signals are demultiplexed at the receiving end. Like TDM, the resulting capacity is an aggregate of the input signals, but WDM carries each input signal independently of the others. This means that each channel has its own dedicated bandwidth; all signals arrive at the same time, rather than being broken up and carried in time slots. The difference between WDM and dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is fundamentally than does WDM, and therefore has a greater ....etc

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INTRODUCTION
When we talk about optical communication, most people think about optical-fiber. But optical communication is also possible without optical-fiber. We know that light travels through air for a lot less money. This makes possible the optical communication without optical-fiber. Optical communication without fiber is known as Free Space Optics. It is used due to economic advantages. Since the introduction of internet the backbone traffic is increasing at the rate greater than 100%, hence the owner of the backbone ....etc

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One of the major issues in the networking industry today is tremendous demand for more and more bandwidth. However, with the development of optical networks and the use of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technology, a new and probably, a very crucial milestone is being reached in network evolution. The existing SONET/SDH network architecture is best suited for voice traffic rather than today's high-speed data traffic. To upgrade the system to handle this kind of traffic is very expensive and hence the need for the development of ....etc

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