PON (Passive Optical Networks) TECHNOLOGIES full report
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1.1 THE MOTIVATION FOR PON
One of the most critical decisions for any business involves the purchase of capital equipment. The two important factors which influences this decision are equipment cost and the resulting revenue potential. Service providers face this decision when upgrading existing access networks, and they want to minimize the cost and maximizing the revenue potential. Thus, the most important decision the service provider makes when purchasing network equipment is how to strike a balance between minimizing the equipment cost and maximizing the bandwidth as, raw bandwidth capabilities of an access technology are often used as proxy for revenue potential.
The Passive Optical Networks (PON) is just one of the several access technologies used by service providers, but it enjoys a dominant position in the access market. Before discussing the specific details of the PON, it is worthwhile to survey the alternate access technologies in order to understand the reasons for the PON’s success.
Access networks fall into three categories:
 Wireless
 Copper and
 Fiber
Wireless has the lowest deployment cost because it has the lowest outside plant costs. WiFi (802.11) and WiMAX (802.16) are the standards for the wireless access and broadband access. Although both WiFi and WiMAX are relatively low cost of deploy, they lack sufficient bandwidth to support video applications. These wireless technologies use a point-to-multipoint architecture i.e., bandwidth shared by multiple users. Consequently, WiFi and WiMAX are useful for web applications, but impractical for higher-bandwidth and higher-revenue applications such as IPTV.
Another access technology option available to service providers is copper – more specifically, digital subscriber line (DSL) over copper. Unlike wireless, DSL uses a point-to-point architecture. Unfortunately, DSL shares a shortcoming with wireless: it is a noise-limited access technology. In other words, the effective bandwidth DSL provides to a subscriber depends on the level of noise, which in turn depends on the length of the copper loop.
The final option to consider for access technology is fiber. An access network can be architected using either dedicated or shared fibers. A dedicated fiber plant, often referred to as a point-to-point network, provides a dedicated fiber strand between each subscriber and the central office (CO).
In a shared fiber architecture, a single fiber from CO serves several dozen subscribers. This fiber is brought to a neighborhood where the signals are broken out onto a separate fibers that run to the individual subscribers.
The cost of dedicated fiber installation is 20 – 100% greater than that of shared fiber installation. Cost depends upon the average loop length.
In shared fiber architectures, there are two ways the signals are broken out. One method is called Active Ethernet (AE), and the other is the PON. With AE the individual signals out using electronic equipment near the subscriber. In PON the signals are replicated passively by the splitter.
A shared network based on a PON has several advantages over one based on AE, which follows:
 Lower capital expenditures as it has no electronic components.
 Lower operational expenditures, since there is no need for operators to provide and monitor electrical power in the field or maintain backup batteries.
 A PON as higher reliability than AE because in the PON outside plant there are no electronic components, which are prone to failures.
 Upgrading to higher bit rates are simpler in PON than AE.
For all of the reasons cited above, the PON is by far the most widely deployed access technology.
This article is dedicated to various flavors of PONs that all use the same or very similar outside plants, but differ significantly in signaling rates, data formats, or protocols they employ. These PON technologies include Gigabit PONs, Ethernet PONs, and Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) PONs.
CHAPTER 2
PON EVOLUTION
2.1 Flavors of PON:
2.1.2 ATM-PON (APON)

 The first Passive optical network standard
 Established in the early 90’s last century
 Based on ATM
 Typical data rate: 54 Mbps to 155 Mbps
2.1.3 Broadband PON (BPON)
 Support 622 Mbps
2.1.4 Ethernet PON (EPON)
 Completed in2004 as part of the first mile project
 Based on Ethernet protocol
 Data rate: 1.25 Gbps in both downstream and upstream direction
2.1.5 Gigabit PON (GPON)
 2.5 Gbps in downstream direction and 1.25 Gbps in upstream direction
10-GEPON.
 In early 2006, EPON also began to work on 10 Gigabit/second EPON
standard.
CHAPTER 3
GIGABIT PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORKS (GPON)
3.1 STANDARDIZATION HISTORY

The gigabit capable PON (G-PON) is specified by international telecommunication union –Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T). G-PON definition began in the Full Service Access Network (FSAN) consortium in 2001. The first two standards were approved by (ITU-T) in the year 2003. These covered the requirement and basic architecture (G.984.1) and the physical-medium-dependent (PMD) layer (G.984.2).
3.2 PMD LAYER
The G-PON network architecture supports a two-wavelength WDM scheme for downstream and upstream digital services as shown in figure 1. In addition another downstream wavelength is allocated for distribution of analog video service. The network supports up to 60 km reach, with 20 km differential reach between optical network units. The split ratio supported by the standard is up to 128. Practical deployments typically would have lower reach and split ratio, limited by the optical budget.
ITU-T G.984.2 specifies the PMD layer for G-PON, covering the range of G-PON upstream and downstream bit rates, and the optical parameters for the various rate combinations.
As network operators requirements evolved, the preferred G-PON bit rate was selected to be 2.488Gb/s downstream, 1.244Gb/s upstream. This focus has then allowed the definition of best practice optical parameters for G-PON, which was documented as an amendment to G.984.2.The parameters, known as class B+, apply to a network with or without a video over lay and to ONUs based on either APD or PIN technology.
3.2.1 GTC LAYER
The G-PON TC (GTC) layer performs the adaptation of user data onto the PMD layer. Additionally, the GTC layer pro vides basic management of the G-PON network.
The GTC layer defines two adaptation methods for data transport: asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) and G-PON-encapsulation –method (GEM). However, as GEM has become the preferred method, ATM is not discussed hereafter. GTC with GEM allows low overhead adaptation of various protocols, including Ethernet and time division multiplexing (TDM). GTC also provides the medium access control (MAC) function, coordinating the interleaving of upstream transmissions from multiple ONUs.
The control functions of GTC consist of a protocol and procedures for registering ONUs to the G-PON network, and monitoring their health and performance. GTC also allows configuration of transport features such as forward error correction (FEC, encryption, and bandwidth allocation. Figure 2 illustrates GTC layering, and the main functions of the user and control planes.
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