13-05-2011, 09:37 AM
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ABSTRACT
Science and technology with all its miraculous advancements has fascinated human life to a great extent that imagining a world without these innovations is hardly possible. While technology is on the raising slope, we should also note the increasing immoral activities. With a technical view, "Power Theft" is a non-ignorable crime that is highly prevalent, and at the same time it directly affects the economy of a nation.
Detecting and eradicating such crimes with the assistance of the developing scientific field is the "Need of the Hour". With these views was this paper conceived and designed. Our paper provides a complete and comprehensive tool to prevent power theft which is very simple to understand and easy to implement. It includes three sections - transmitting, receiving, and processing sections.
The IR transmitter transmits the IR rays (which are invisible) to the photo diode continuously at that time microcontroller does not perform any operation when the signal breaks, immediately IC555 sends a negative pulse to the microcontroller now it process and send a signals to the GSM modem using serial communication, the modem sends a message (address of that house) to the substation using GSM technology. Then they immediately take an action that to stops the power to the house and take further actions on them. Here the microcontroller performs the function of indication and identification of power theft. Pin details, features, connections and software employed for uc89c51 are described in detail.
We believe our implementation ideas are a boon to the electricity board offering them a chance to detect accurately the location and amount of power theft.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. OVERVIEW:
"TODAY'S TECHNICIANS ARE SO FOCUSSED ON THE TREES OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE THAT THEY FAIL TO SEE THE FOREST; THE UNDERLYING ECONOMIC FORCES THAT DETERMINE SUCCESS AND FAILURE..."
"TECHNOLOGY CHANGES ECONOMY LAWS DO NOT"
Electricity is the modern man's most convenient and useful form of energy without which the present social infrastructure would not be feasible. The increase in per capita production is the reflection of the increase in the living standard of people. When importance of electricity is on the increasing side, then how much should theft of this energy or illegal consumption of power from the transmission lines is averted? Power theft has become a great challenge to the electricity board. The dailies report that Electricity Board suffers a total loss of 8 % in revenue due to power theft every year, which has to control. Our paper identifies the Power theft and indicates it to the Electricity board through Power line. We had also dealt about the remote monitoring of an energy meter.
MICROCONTROLLER BASED AUTOMATION:
Embedded systems - a combination of software, hardware and additional mechanical parts that together forms a component of a larger system, to perform a specific function. It's a technology, characterized by high reliability, restricted memory footprint and real time operation associated with a narrowly defined group of functions. Automation has made the art of living comfortable and easy. Embedded systems have made the process of automation a most successful one. Here, we have focused on automotive, an area of embedded controllers, in which we have dealt with the Power theft identification and also about the remote monitoring of an energy meter.
"Technology have taken the world by storm performance ratings and exceptionally value for money prices"
The microcontroller chip is preprogrammed to perform a dedicated or a narrow range of functions as a part of a larger system, usually with minimal end user or operator intervention. Our paper throws light on automated monitoring of theft identification, which is an application of embedded controllers.
MODES OF THEFT:
It has been seen that there are 4 common methods of power theft as given below:-
Bogus seals and tampering of seals.
Meter tampering, meter tilting, meter interface and
Meter bypassing.
Changing connection.
Direct tapping from line. Due to introduction of modern electronic metering equipments, power thieves are utilizing more technological methods. Recent cases of power theft discovered by British inspectors included customers tunneling out to roadside mains cables and splicing into the supply, a garage taking its night time power supply from the nearest lamp post and domestic customers drilling holes into meter boxes and attempting to stop the counter wheels from turning. Another method of Power theft is by keeping a strong magnet in front of the disc in the energy meter and thus arresting the rotation of the disc, connecting the load directly to the power line bypassing the energy meter. But, it can be avoided easily by providing a non magnetic enclosure.
MODERN DETECTING TOOLS:
There are many modern tools that assist in power theft identification. Some of them are:-
Tamper proof seals and labels. Meter leaders. Tamper resistant screws / locks. Check meter and remote meter readers. Tamper alarms and sensors. This paper undertakes the Check meter and remote meter readers for power theft identification. In our case, the consumption recurred by the check meter is compared with the revenue meters consumption. If there is a difference, then it indicates either there is a theft or revenue meter malfunction. The check meter can also be used to monitor the energy used on the secondary of a distribution transformer serving several customers and compared to the sum of all the meter usage. Besides spotting out the line where power theft is suspected to occur, it also detects the amount of energy stolen. Compact size, lightweight for quick and high accuracy make the system more effective.
1.2. REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS:
The functional units of our project are
1. 89s52 Microcontroller
2. MAX-232
3. 555
4. DB9 connector
5. IR Sensor
6. Photo Diode
89s52 Microcontroller:
The device also has four 8-bit I/O ports, three 16-bit timer/event counters, a multi-source, a four-priority-level, nested interrupt structure, an enhanced UART on-chip oscillator and timing circuits. The added features of 89c51 make it a powerful microcontroller for applications that require pulse width modulation, high-speed I/O and up/down counting capabilities such as motor control.
MAX-232:
The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply 232 voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts 232 inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can accept ±30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into 232 levels.
555:
The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL circuits.
IR Sensor:
The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply EIA-232 voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts EIA-232 inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can accept ±30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into EIA-232 levels.
Photo Diode:
A photodiode consists of an active p-n junction which is operated in reverse bias. When light falls on the junction, reverse current flows which is proportional to the illuminance. The linear response to light makes it an element in useful photo detectors for some applications. It is also used as the active element in light-activated switches.
1.3. BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Power theft identification, in this paper, is done by converting the disc revolutions of each consumer's energy meter and distribution transformer into pulses. These pulses are frequency division multiplexed and transmitted through power line. These signals are individually picked and counted at the receiver end. If the difference of the sum of the consumer's readings and that of distribution transformer exceeds the preset value, which is set by considering transmission loss, the power theft is said to occur.
The project can be categorized into 4 modules:-
© Transmitting section
© Receiving section
© Processing section
© Counter section the transmitted signal is selected at the receiving end by the inter¬mediate frequency transformer.
