Employee Motivationed Expectancy
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Definition of Motivation: Factors which energize, direct and sustain employee behavior.

Motivation is goal directed behavior.

Motivation is NOT the same as Performance.

Expectancy Theory (Vroom, 1964)

People’s Behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives.
Valence - A person’s preference among various outcomes or rewards. Ex. Do I prefer to achieve a higher performance goal or more leisure time?
Instrumentality - A person’s belief that a certain level of performance will lead to certain desirable consequences. Ex. If I study 2 hours every day for my finance class, will I earn an A grade?


Expectancy Theory Applications for Managers



Managing Valence
Rewards must be attractive to each employee

Managing Instrumentality
High performance levels must result in attractive rewards (do I want to become a partner in the accounting firm?)
Performance levels must be set at a reasonable level of difficulty (ex. Sales incentives)

Managing Expectancy
Coaching and frequent feedback increase expectancies.
Train employees for skill gaps so abilities are good.