22-04-2011, 04:01 PM
Presented by:
Bhavesh Aswani, Deepesh Rajguru
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ABSTRACT:
The Biomedical Electronics Technology takes you beyond the basics of electronics and electricity into the world of advanced technical systems associated with medical care. You will find this program valuable if you want to develop the skills and the practical background necessary to inspect, test, calibrate, and repair advanced medical equipment and instrumentation, and to gain the interpersonal skills required to work with medical personnel.
The merging of Electronics with Biotechnology promises the advent of a totally new class of devices such as sensors and actuators (MEMS&NEMS) with applications in diagnostics, responsive drug delivery, biocompatibility, self-assembly etc. Proteins and nucleic acid are information rich molecules with structural and electrical properties making their incorporation in the human manufacturing arsenal an attractive proposition. This combination has become possible as today both top-down traditional manufacturing (e.g., MEMS and NEMS) Without biomedical scientists, departments such as accident and emergency and operating theatres could not properly function. The many roles include tests for emergency blood transfusions and blood grouping as well as tests on samples from patients who have overdosed on unknown substances, or may have leukemia or are suspected of having a heart attack. The successful performance of this key role in modern healthcare relies on the accuracy and efficiency of work by biomedical scientists because patients' lives and the treatment of illness depend on their skill and knowledge.
Disease-causing microorganisms are isolated for identification and for susceptible to antibiotic therapy. Biomedical engineering is the application of engineering principles and techniques to the medical field. This field seeks to close the gap between engineering and medical. It combines the design and problem solving skills of engineering with medical and biological sciences to improve healthcare diagnosis. The course in Biomedical Electronics combines the detailed study of electronics, as the main subjects of an Honors degree course, with a basic education in the physical, chemical, social and biomedical sciences. The structure and function of the human body are taught as an integrated subject comprising anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and cell biology. Mathematics is an essential part of each year of the course. Appropriate statistical techniques for this interdisciplinary subject are studied. After an introduction to computers and programming, computer studies continue as an experimental subject, and may continue even further in the final year, since laboratory work in that year is in the form of an open-ended project on some aspect of biomedical electronics, and a student may choose to do a project which requires the use of a computer. A member of staff supervises the project, and there is often an opportunity for liaison with clinical and biological departments outside the University. When this occurs the work acquires an added interest to the student and they develop an appreciation of working as part of a team. The aim of the course is to produce graduates who, being qualified to begin a career as professional electronics engineers, are particularly well equipped t appreciate and to solve the problems that arise in the application of electronics to biomedical situations. It hardly need be pointed out that, even away from human problems, physical, mental and social.
INRODUCTION
Recent advances in medical field have been fuelled by the instruments developed by the
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineers. Pacemakers, Ultrasound Machine CAT, Medical diagnostic systems are few names which have been contributed by engineers. Now health care industry uses many instruments which are to be looked after by instrumentation engineers. This subject will enable the students to learn the basic
principles of different instruments/equipment used in the health care industry. The practical work done in this area will impart skill in the use, servicing and maintenance of these instruments/equipment. Proficiency in this area will widen the knowledge and skill of diploma holders in the field of biomedical instrumentation.
BIOMEDICAL ELECTRONICS
The Biomedical Electronics Technology takes you beyond the basics of electronics and electricity into the world of advanced technical systems associated with medical care. You will find this program valuable if you want to develop the skills and the practical background necessary to inspect, test, calibrate, and repair advanced medical equipment and instrumentation, and to gain the interpersonal skills required to work
with medical personnel. Job opportunities are available with hospitals, medical equipment companies, and other medical facilities.
Biomedical engineering is the application of engineering principles and techniques to the medical field. This field seeks to close the gap between engineering and medicine: It combines the design and problem solving skills of engineering with medical and biological sciences to improve healthcare diagnosis, monitoring and therapy.
Biomedical engineering has only recently emerged as its own discipline, compared to many other engineering fields; such an evolution is common as a new field transitions from being an interdisciplinary specialization among already-established fields, to being considered a field in itself. Much of the work in biomedical engineering consists of research and development, spanning a broad array of subfields (see below). Prominent biomedical engineering applications include the development of biocompatible prostheses, various diagnostic and therapeutic medical devices ranging from clinical equipment to micro-implants, common imaging equipment such as MRIs and EEGs, biotechnologies such as regenerative tissue growth, and pharmaceutical drugs and biopharmaceuticals.
Subdisciplines within biomedical engineering
Biomedical engineering is a highly interdisciplinary field, influenced by (and overlapping with) various other engineering and medical fields. This often happens with newer disciplines, as they gradually emerge in their own right after evolving from special applications of extant disciplines. Due to this diversity, it is typical for a biomedical engineer to focus on a particular subfield or group of related subfields. There are many different taxonomic breakdowns within BME, as well as varying views about how best to organize them and manage any internal overlap; the main U.S. organization devoted to BME divides the major specialty areas as follows
• Biomechatronics
• Bioinstrumentation
• Biomaterials
• Biomechanics
• Bionics
• Cellular, Tissue, and Genetic Engineering
• Clinical Engineering
• Medical Imaging
• Orthopaedic Bioengineering
• Rehabilitation engineering
• Systems Physiology
• Bionanotechnology
• Neural Engineering
Biotechnology and pharmaceuticals
Biotechnology (see also relatedly bioengineering) can be a somewhat ambiguous term, sometimes loosely used interchangeably with BME in general; however, it more typically denotes specific products which use "biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof." [2] Even some complex "medical devices" (see below) can reasonably be deemed "biotechnology" depending on the degree to which such elements are central to their principle of operation. Biologics/Biopharmaceuticals (e.g., vaccines, stored blood product), genetic engineering, and various agricultural applications are some major classes of biotechnology.
Pharmaceuticals are related to biotechnology in two indirect ways: 1) certain major types (e.g. biologics) fall under both categories, and 2) together they essentially comprise the "non-medical-device" set of BME applications. (The "Device - Bio/Chemical" spectrum is an imperfect dichotomy, but one regulators often use, at least as a starting point.)
Tissue engineering
Tissue engineering is a major segment of Biotechnology.
One of the goals of tissue engineering is to create artificial organs (via biological material) for patients that need organ transplants. Biomedical engineers are currently researching methods of creating such organs. Researchers have grown solid jawbones[3] and tracheas from human stem cells towards this end. Several artificial urinary bladders actually have been grown in laboratories and transplanted successfully into human patients.[4] Bioartificial organs, which use both synthetic and biological components, are also a focus area in research, such as with hepatic assist devices that use liver cells within an artificial bioreactor construct.[5]
Micromass cultures of C3H-10T1/2 cells at varied oxygen tensions stained with Alcian blue.
Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM) and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct manipulation of an organism's genes.[1] Genetic engineering is different from traditional breeding, where the organism's genes are manipulated indirectly. Genetic engineering uses the techniques of molecular cloning and transformation to alter the structure and characteristics of genes directly. Genetic engineering techniques have found success in numerous applications. Some examples are in improving crop technology (not a medical application per se; see BioSystems Engineering), the manufacture of synthetic human insulin through the use of modified bacteria, the manufacture of erythropoietin in hamster ovary cells, and the production of new types of experimental mice such as the oncomouse (cancer mouse) for research.
Neural Engineering
Neural engineering (also known as Neuroengineering) is a discipline that uses engineering techniques to understand, repair, replace, or enhance neural systems. Neural engineers are uniquely qualified to solve design problems at the interface of living neural tissue and non-living constructs.
Pharmaceutical engineering
Pharmaceutical Engineering is sometimes regarded as a branch of biomedical engineering, and sometimes a branch of chemical engineering; in practice, it is very much a hybrid sub-discipline (as many BME fields are). Aside from those pharmaceutical products directly incorporating biological agents or materials, even developing chemical drugs is considered to require substantial BME knowledge due to the physiological interactions inherent to such products' usage.
