23-04-2011, 02:45 PM
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ABSTRACT
There are many railway crossings which are unmanned due to lack of man power needed to fulfill the demands. Hence many accidents occur at such crossings since there is no one to take care of the functioning of the railway gate when a train approaches the crossing. This project is a step towards improving the status of such unmanned railway crossings. Here, the railway gate is closed automatically as train approaches the crossing and automatically the gate is opened after the train has crossed. Here the magnetic switches have been utilized to sense the train approach and departure.
This project is designed using Microcontroller IC 8051,the program is written and stored in the ROM of the 8051.when the Microcontroller is powered up, the controller starts working as per the program stored in the IC. To sense the train and to control the gates, the ports of Microcontroller are utilized. The main advantage of using Microcontroller, the size of the circuit is minimized to greater extent, consumes less power, reliable and has high accuracy in its operation.
The two magnetic sensors are placed 1/4th KM away from the railway gate crossing on either side of the gate .When the train approaches and passes on the magnetic sensor the gate buzzer produces sound for few seconds , which indicates to the motor vehicles that gate is about to close and no one should cross the gate. Similarly once the Train passes on the other sensor kept at other side of the gates will be opened. The distance of placing sensors can be adjusted. This project is facilitated with multi options such as anti collision system for trains and it sends indication to the driver in the train as soon as the track is cut or removed.
E-AUTOMATION FOR TRAINS
1.1 INTRODUCTION
There are many railway crossings which are unmanned due to lack of man power needed to fulfill the demands. Hence many accidents occur at such crossings since there is no one to take care of the functioning of the railway gate when a train approaches the crossing. This project is a step towards improving the status of such unmanned railway crossings. Here, the railway gate is closed automatically as train approaches the crossing and automatically the gate is opened after the train has crossed. Here the magnetic switches have been utilized to sense the train approach and departure.
This project is designed using Microcontroller IC 8051,the program is written and stored in the ROM of the 8051.when the Microcontroller is powered up, the controller starts working as per the program stored in the IC. To sense the train and to control the gates, the ports of Microcontroller are utilized. The main advantage of using Microcontroller, the size of the circuit is minimized to greater extent, consumes less power, reliable and has high accuracy in its operation.
The two magnetic sensors are placed 1/4th KM away from the railway gate crossing on either side of the gate .When the train approaches and passes on the magnetic sensor the gate buzzer produces sound for few seconds , which indicates to the motor vehicles that gate is about to close and no one should cross the gate. Similarly once the Train passes on the other sensor kept at other side of the gates will be opened. The distance of placing sensors can be adjusted. This project is facilitated with multi options such as anti collision system for trains and it sends indication to the driver in the train as soon as the track is cut or removed.
The technical aspects of Microcontroller are discussed in detail in the forth coming chapters.
1.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION OF MICROCONTROLLER BASED UNMANNED RAILWAY GATE CONTROL
MAGNETIC SENSORS:
When the magnet is passed on the magnetic switch, it makes the magnetic switch gets shorted. Using this principle, we can detect the train.
The magnetic sensors are used at either side of the Railway gate in order to detect the arrival and departure of train at the Railway gate. The sensors has to be 1/4 KM away from the Railway gate on either side, the above distance is not mandatory, this can be adjusted as per the requirement. The two magnetic switches are connected to the Microcontroller in order to provide triggering to the ports of Microcontroller.
PROGRAM:
A Microcontroller program is written and stored in chip, whose function of the program is to open and close the Railway gate on the arrival and departure of the Train. The program is written such a way that ,before closing the gate the Microcontroller provides the beeping sound for predetermined time indicating to the vehicle passers that gate is going to be closed.
MICROCONTROLLER:
The program is stored in the flash ROM of Microcontroller, once the power is made ON, the Microcontroller checks the signals from it ports to detect the train coming. Depending on the train arrival the ports of microcontroller sends signals to the microcontroller, the microcontroller enables the port to activate to produce sound for say 10 seconds, then the gate will be closed. Once the train leaves the gate the gate will be automatically closed.
PORTS:
The ports can be programmed as an input port or output port .In this project the input port is used to sense the arrival and departure of train, the output ports are used to bias the driver circuit to produce the
sound from the Buzzer. Similarly another port is also connected to the driver IC in order to drive the Stepper motor.
DRIVER CIRCUIT FOR STEPPER MOTOR:
The stepper motor works for 12V DC, where as the o/P of microcontroller is 5V DC which can not drive the motor. A driver IC inputs is connected to the outputs of Microcontroller and outputs of IC whose output voltage is 12V DC is connected to the stepper motor.
DRIVER CIRCUIT:
A driver circuit comprises of Darlington amplifier or signal transistor, which increases the DC level to a required value say (12V). This 12V is much more enough to operate the Buzzer.
