Blue Eyes Technology
#1

pls send me abstract,ppt and documentation
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#2
Hi,
visit this thread for this topic:
http://studentbank.in/report-Blue-eyes-D...d-Abstract
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#3



Definition

Imagine yourself in a world where humans interact with computers. You are sitting in front of your personal computer that can listen, talk, or even scream aloud. It has the ability to gather information about you and interact with you through special techniques like facial recognition, speech recognition, etc. It can even understand your emotions at the touch of the mouse. It verifies your identity, feels your presents, and starts interacting with you .You ask the computer to dial to your friend at his office. It realizes the urgency of the situation through the mouse, dials your friend at his office, and establishes a connection.

Human cognition depends primarily on the ability to perceive, interpret, and integrate audio-visuals and sensoring information. Adding extraordinary perceptual abilities to computers would enable computers to work together with human beings as intimate partners. Researchers are attempting to add more capabilities to computers that will allow them to interact like humans, recognize human presents, talk, listen, or even guess their feelings.
The BLUE EYES technology aims at creating computational machines that have perceptual and sensory ability like those of human beings. It uses non-obtrusige sensing method, employing most modern video cameras and microphones to identifies the users actions through the use of imparted sensory abilities . The machine can understand what a user wants, where he is looking at, and even realize his physical or emotional states.

The basic idea behind this technology is to give the computer the human power. We all have some perceptual abilities. That is we can understand each others feelings. For example we can understand ones emotional state by analyzing his facial expression. If we add these perceptual abilities of human to computers would enable computers to work together with human beings as intimate partners. The "BLUE EYES" technology aims at creating computational machines that have perceptual and sensory ability like those of human beings.
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#4
Prepared by
Sonam Rani
Pragati Chhonkar
Shveta Jain

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Contents

What is BlueEye technology ?
What is BlueEyes ?
System designing
System overview
DAU
CSU
Data security
IBM research
Conclusion



What is blue eye technology ?
The BLUE EYES technology aims at creating computational machines that have perceptual and sensory ability like those of human beings.
 
How can we make computers “see” and “feel” ?
Blue eyes uses sensing technology to identify a user’s actions and to extract key information.
Information is then analyzed to determine the user’s physical, emotional, or informational state.
What is BlueEyes ?
The complex solution for human-operator monitoring:

Visual attention monitoring
Physiological condition
Operator’s position detection
Wireless data acquisition using bluetooth
Recorded data playback
Designing
A personal area network for linking all the operators and the supervising system
Two major units
DAU (data acquisition unit )
CSU (central system unit )


System overview
DAU - components
DAU - features
Lightweight
Runs on batteries - low power consumption
Easy to use - does not disturb the operator working
ID cards for operator authorization
Voice transmission using hardware PCM codec
CSU – components
CONNECTION MANAGER – main task to perform low-level blue tooth communication
DATA ANALYSIS MODULE – performs the analysis of the raw sensor data in order to obtain information about operator’s physiological condition
DATA LOGGER MODULE – provides support for storing the monitored data.
VISULAIZATION MODULE – provides user interface for the supervisors
BlueEyes - benefits 
Prevention from dangerous incidents
  Minimization of
ecological consequences
financial loss
a threat to a human life

The reconstruction  of the course of  operator’s work
CSU - features
The eye movement sensor 
Data security

Only registered mobile devices can connect to the system
Bluetooth connection authentication
Access rights restrictions
Personal and physiological data encryption
Current Developments
BLUE EYE – EMOTIONAL MOUSE

MAGIC pointing

BLUE EYE enabled SUITOR
Becomes active when the user makes an eye contact and automatically detect users area of interest and start searching it.

Conclusion
In the near future, ordinary household devices- such as television, refrigerators, ovens may be able to do their jobs when we look at them and speak to them.
Future applications of blue eye technology is limitless
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#5
BY:
SUBHAKANTA ROUT

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ABSTRACT
Is it possible to create a computer which can interact with us as we interact each other? For example imagine in a fine morning you walk on to your computer room and switch on your computer, and then it tells you “Hey friend, good morning you seem to be a bad mood today. And then it opens your mail box and shows you some of the mails and tries to cheer you. It seems to be a fiction, but it will be the life lead by “BLUE EYES” in the very near future. The basic idea behind this technology is to give the computer the human power. We all have some perceptual abilities. That is we can understand each others feelings. For example we can understand ones emotional state by analyzing his facial expression. If we add these perceptual abilities of human to computers would enable computers to work together with human beings as intimate partners. The “BLUE EYES” technology aims at creating computational machines that have perceptual and sensory ability like those of human beings.


INTRODUCTION
Imagine yourself in a world where humans interact with computers. You are sitting in front of your personal computer that can listen, talk, or even scream aloud. It has the ability to gather information about you and interact with you through special techniques like facial recognition, speech recognition, etc. It can even understand your emotions at the touch of the mouse. It verifies your identity, feels your presents, and starts interacting with you .You ask the computer to dial to your friend at his office. It realizes the urgency of the situation through the mouse, dials your friend at his office, and establishes a connection.

Human cognition depends primarily on the ability to perceive, interpret, and integrate audio-visuals and sensoring information. Adding extraordinary perceptual abilities to computers would enable computers to work together with human beings as intimate partners. Researchers are attempting to add more capabilities to computers that will allow them to interact like humans, recognize human presents, talk, listen, or even guess their feelings.

The BLUEEYES technology aims at creating computational machines that have perceptual and sensory ability like those of human beings. It uses non-obtrusige sensing method, employing most modern video cameras and microphones to identify the user’s actions through the use of imparted sensory abilities. The machine can understand what a user wants, where he is looking at, and even realize his physical or emotional states.

EMOTION AND COMPUTING

One goal of human computer interaction (HCI) is to make an adaptive, smart computer system. This type of project could possibly include gesture recognition, facial recognition, eye tracking, speech recognition, etc. Another non-invasive way to obtain information about a person is through touch. People use their computers to obtain, store and manipulate data using their computer. In order to start creating smart computers, the computer must start gaining information about the user. Our proposed method for gaining user information through touch is via a computer input device, the mouse. From the physiological data obtained from the user, an emotional state may be determined which would then be related to the task the user is currently doing on the computer. Over a period of time, a user model will be built in order to gain a sense of the user's personality. The scope of the project is to have the computer adapt to the user in order to create a better working environment where the user is more productive. The first steps towards realizing this goal are described here.

Rosalind Picard (1997) describes why emotions are important to the computing community. There are two aspects of affective computing: giving the computer the ability to detect emotions and giving the computer the ability to express emotions. Not only are emotions crucial for rational decision making as Picard describes, but emotion detection is an important step to an adaptive computer system. An adaptive, smart computer system has been driving our efforts to detect a person’s emotional state. An important element of incorporating emotion into computing is for productivity for a computer user. A study (Dryer & Horowitz, 1997) has shown that people with personalities that are similar or complement each other collaborate well. Dryer (1999) has also shown that people view their computer as having a personality. For these reasons, it is important to develop computers which can work well with its user. By matching a person’s emotional state and the context of the expressed emotion, over a period of time the person’s personality is being exhibited. Therefore, by giving the computer a longitudinal understanding of the emotional state of its user, the computer could adapt a working style which fits with its user’s
personality. The result of this collaboration could increase productivity for the user.
One way of gaining information from a user non-intrusively is by video. Cameras have been used to detect a person’s emotional state (Johnson, 1999). We have explored gaining information through touch. One obvious
place to put sensors is on the mouse. Through observing normal computer usage (creating and editing documents and surfing the web), people spend approximately 1/3 of their total computer time touching their input device. Because of the incredible amount of time spent touching an input device, we will explore the possibility of detecting emotion through touch.

THEORIES AND TECHNOLOGIES

1. PAUL EKMAN’S FACIAL
EXPRESSION
Based on Paul Ekman’s facial expression work, we see a correlation between a person’s emotional state and a person’s physiological measurements. Selected works from Ekman and others on measuring facial behaviors describe Ekman’s Facial Action Coding System (Ekman and Rosenberg, 1997). One of his experiments involved participants attached to devices to record certain measurements including pulse, galvanic skin response (GSR), temperature, somatic movement and blood pressure. He then recorded the measurements as the participants were instructed to mimic facial expressions which corresponded to the six basic emotions. He defined the six basic emotions as anger, fear, sadness, disgust, joy and surprise. From this work, Dryer (1993) determined how physiological measures could be used to distinguish various emotional states.

Six participants were trained to exhibit the facial expressions of the six basic emotions. While each participant exhibited these expressions, the physiological changes associated with affect were assessed. The measures taken were GSR, heart rate, skin temperature and general somatic activity (GSA). These data were then subject to two analyses. For the first analysis, a multidimensional scaling (MDS) procedure was used to determine the dimensionality of the data. This analysis suggested that the physiological similarities and dissimilarities of the six emotional states fit within a four dimensional model.



For the second analysis, a discriminant function analysis was used to determine the mathematic functions that would distinguish the six emotional states. This analysis suggested that all four physiological variables made significant, nonredundant contributions to the functions that distinguish the six states. Moreover, these analyses indicate that these four physiological measures are sufficient to determine reliably a person’s specific emotional state. Because of our need to incorporate these measurements into a small, non-intrusive form, we will explore taking these measurements from the hand. The amount of conductivity of the skin is best taken from the fingers. However, the other measures may not be as obvious or robust. We hypothesize that changes in the temperature of the finger are reliable for prediction of emotion. We also hypothesize the GSA can be measured by change in movement in the computer mouse. Our efforts to develop a robust pulse meter are not discussed here.


2. MANUAL AND GAZE INPUT CASCADED (MAGIC) POINTING

This work explores a new direction in utilizing eye gaze for computer input. Gaze tracking has long been considered as an alternative or potentially superior pointing method for computer input. We believe that many fundamental limitations exist with traditional gaze pointing. In particular, it is unnatural to overload a perceptual channel such as vision with a motor control task. We therefore propose an alternative approach, dubbed MAGIC (Manual And Gaze Input Cascaded) pointing. With such an approach, pointing appears to the user to be a manual task, used for fine manipulation and selection. However, a large portion of the cursor movement is eliminated by warping the cursor to the eye gaze area, which encompasses the target. Two specific MAGIC pointing techniques, one conservative and one liberal, were designed, analyzed, and implemented with an eye tracker we developed. They were then tested in a pilot study. This early stage exploration showed that the MAGIC pointing techniques might offer many advantages,


including reduced physical effort and fatigue as compared to traditional manual pointing, greater accuracy and naturalness than traditional gaze pointing, and possibly faster speed than manual pointing.
The pros and cons of the two techniques are discussed in light of both performance data and subjective reports.

2.1. IMPLIMENTATION

The MAGIC pointing program takes data from both the manual input device (of any type, such as a mouse) and the eye tracking system running either on the same machine or on another machine connected via serial port. Raw data from an eye tracker can not be directly used for gaze-based interaction, due to noise from image processing, eye movement jitters, and samples taken during saccade (ballistic eye movement) periods. We experimented with various filtering techniques and found the most effective filter in our case is similar to that described. The goal of filter design in general is to make the best compromise between preserving signal bandwidth and eliminating unwanted noise. In the case of eye tracking, as Jacob argued, eye information relevant to interaction lies in the fixations. The key is to select fixation points with minimal delay. Samples collected during a saccade are unwanted and should be avoided. In designing our algorithm for picking points of fixation, we considered our tracking system speed (30 Hz), and that the MAGIC pointing techniques utilize gaze information only once for each new target, probably immediately after a saccade. Our filtering algorithm was designed to pick a fixation with minimum delay by means of selecting two adjacent points over two samples.

3. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT SPEECH RECOGNITION

It is important to consider the environment in which the speech recognition system has to work. The grammar used by the speaker and accepted by the system, noise level, noise type, position of the microphone, and speed and manner of the user’s speech are some factors that may affect the quality of speech recognition .When you dial the



telephone number of a big company, you are likely to hear the sonorous voice of a cultured lady who responds to your call with great courtesy saying
“Welcome to company X. Please give me the extension number you want”. You pronounce the extension number, your name, and the name of person you want to contact. If the called person accepts the call, the connection is given quickly. This is artificial intelligence where an automatic call-handling system is used without employing any telephone operator.

3.1. THE TECHNOLOGY

Artificial intelligence (AI) involves two basic ideas. First, it involves studying the thought processes of human beings. Second, it deals with representing those processes via machines (like computers, robots, etc). AI is behavior of a machine, which, if performed by a human being, would be called intelligent. It makes machines smarter and more useful, and is less
expensive than natural intelligence. Natural language processing (NLP) refers to artificial intelligence methods of communicating with a computer in a natural language like English. The main objective of a NLP program is to understand input and initiate action. The input words are scanned and matched against internally stored known words. Identification of a key word causes some action to be taken. In this way, one can communicate with the computer in one’s language. No special commands or computer language are required. There is no need to enter programs in a special language forcreating software.

3.2. SPEECH RECOGNITION

The user speaks to the computer through a microphone, which, in used; a simple system may contain a minimum of three filters. The more the number of filters used, the higher the probability of accurate recognition. Presently, switched capacitor digital filters are used because these can be custom-built in integrated circuit form. These are smaller and cheaper than active filters using operational amplifiers. The filter output is then fed to the ADC to translate the analogue signal into digital word.




The ADC samples the filter outputs many times a second. Each sample represents different amplitude of the signal .Evenly spaced vertical lines represent the amplitude of the audio filter output at the instant of sampling. Each value is then converted to a binary number proportional to the amplitude of the sample. A central processor unit (CPU) controls the input circuits that are fed by the ADCS. A large RAM (random access memory) stores all the digital values in a buffer area. This digital information, representing the spoken word, is now accessed by the CPU to process it further. The normal speech has a frequency range of 200 Hz to 7 kHz. Recognizing a telephone call is more difficult as it has bandwidth limitation of 300 Hz to3.3 kHz.As explained earlier, the spoken words are processed by the filters and ADCs. The binary representation of each of these words becomes a template or standard, against which the future words are compared. These templates are stored in the memory. Once the storing process is completed, the system can go into its active mode and is capable of identifying spoken words. As each word is spoken, it is converted into binary equivalent and stored in RAM. The computer then starts searching and compares the binary input pattern with the templates. t is to be noted that even if the same speaker talks the same text, there are always slight variations in amplitude or loudness of the signal, pitch, frequency difference, time gap, etc. Due to this reason, there is never a perfect match between the template and binary input word. The pattern matching process therefore uses statistical techniques and is designed to look for the best fit.
The values of binary input words are subtracted from the corresponding values in the templates. If both the values are same, the difference is zero and there is perfect match. If not, the subtraction produces some difference or error. The smaller the error, the better the match. When the best match occurs, the word is identified and displayed on the screen or used in some other manner. The search process takes a considerable amount of time, as the CPU has to make many comparisons before recognition occurs. This necessitates use of very high-speed processors. A large RAM is also required as even though a spoken word may last only a few hundred milliseconds, but the same is translated into many thousands of digital words. It is important to note that alignment of words and templates are to be matched correctly in time, before computing the similarity score.


This process, termed as dynamic time warping, recognizes that different speakers pronounce the same words at different speeds as well as elongate different parts of the same word. This is important for the speaker-independent recognizers.

4 .THE SIMPLEUSER INTERST TRACKER (SUITOR)

Computers would have been much more powerful, had they gained perceptual and sensory abilities of the living beings on the earth. What needs to be developed is an intimate relationship between the computer and the humans. And the Simple User Interest Tracker (SUITOR) is a revolutionary approach in this direction.
By observing the Webpage a netizen is browsing, the SUITOR can help by fetching more information at his desktop. By simply noticing where the user’s eyes focus on the computer screen, the SUITOR can be more precise in determining his topic of interest. It can even deliver relevant information to a handheld device. The success lies in how much the suitor can be intimate to the user. IBM's BlueEyes research project began with a simple question, according to Myron Flickner, a manager in Almaden's USER group: Can we exploit nonverbal cues to create more effective user interfaces? One such cue is gaze—the direction in which a person is looking. Flickner and his colleagues have created some new techniques for tracking a person's eyes and have incorporated this gaze-tracking technology into two prototypes. One, called SUITOR (Simple User Interest Tracker), fills a scrolling ticker on a computer screen with information related to the user's current task. SUITOR knows where you are looking, what applications you are running, and what Web pages you may be browsing. "If I'm reading a Web page about IBM, for instance," says Paul Maglio, the Almaden cognitive scientist who invented SUITOR, "the system presents the latest stock price or business news stories that could affect IBM. If I read the headline off the ticker, it pops up the story in a browser window. If I start to read the story, it adds related stories to the ticker.

That's the whole idea of an attentive system—one that attends to what you are doing, typing, reading, so that it can attend to your information needs."

SYSTEM OVERVIEW
“BLUE EYES” system provides technical means for monitoring and recording the operator’s basic physiological parameters. The most important parameter is saccadic activity1, which enables the system to monitor the status of the operator’s visual attention along with head acceleration, which accompanies large displacement of the visual axis (saccades larger than 15 degrees). Complex industrial environment can create a danger of exposing the operator to toxic substances, which can affect his cardiac, circulatory and pulmonary systems. Thus, on the grounds of lethysmographic signal taken from the forehead skin surface, the system computes heart beat rate and blood oxygenation. The BLUEEYES system checks above parameters against abnormal (e.g. a low level of blood oxygenation or a high pulse rate) or undesirable (e.g. a longer period of lowered visual attention) values and triggers user-defined alarms when necessary. Quite often in an emergency situation operators speak to themselves expressing their surprise or stating verbally the problem. Therefore, the operator’s voice, physiological parameters and an overall view of the operating room are recorded. This helps to reconstruct the course of operators’ work and provides data for long-term analysis. This system consists of a mobile measuring device and a central analytical system. The mobile device is integrated with Bluetooth module providing wireless interface between sensors worn by the operator and the central unit. ID cards assigned to each of the operators and adequate user profiles on the central unit side provide necessary data personalization so different people can use a single mobile device.


Reply
#6


Rohit abraham john

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Motivation
Human error - a frequent reason of catastrophes and ecological disasters
What is blue eye technology ?
The BLUE EYES technology aims at creating computational machines that have perceptual and sensory ability like those of human beings.
 
How can we make computers “see” and “feel” ?
Blue eyes uses sensing technology to identify a user’s actions and to extract key information.
Information is then analyzed to determine the user’s physical ,emotional ,or informational state.

What is BlueEyes ?
The complex solution for human-operator monitoring:
Visual attention monitoring
Physiological condition
Operator’s position detection
Wireless data acquisition using bluetooth
Real time user defined alarm triggering
Recorded data playback
What is BlueEyes not?
Doesn’t predict nor interfere with operator’s thoughts
Cannot force directly the operator to work

The eye movement sensor
Off-shelf eye movement sensor – Jazz multisensor
Supplies raw digital data regarding
Eye position
Level of blood oxygenation
Acceleration along horizontal and vertical axes
Ambient light intensity

emotion mouse
pressure
galvanic skin response
skin temperature
heart beat

Design objectives
A mobile data acquisition device
Implementation and engineering considerations
-THREE groups of users
OPERATOR -a person whose physiological parameters are supervised
- authorization in the system
- receiving alerts
SUPERVISOR – a person responsible for analyzing operator’s
condition and performance.
SYSTEM ADMINISTRATORS- maintains the system
deliver tools for adding
- new operator’s to the database
- defining alarm conditions
- configuring logging tools
- creating new analyzer modules
Designing
A personal area network for linking all the operators and the supervising system
Two major units
DAU (data acquisition unit )
CSU (central system unit )



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#7
send me report of seminar Blue Eyes Technology
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#8
hi.. Smile M sravani.. i hv ny tech sem 0n 7th. could any one send ful info about blue eyes including drawbacks, future scope and all those stuff. I would be glad to u ppl...
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#9
please send me detail imformation of blue eyes technology with digrams and explanation.
Reply
#10
[attachment=9596]
Introduction :-
Imagine yourself in a world where humans interact with computers. You are sitting in front of your personal computer that can listen, talk, or even scream aloud. It has the ability to gather information about you and interact with you through special techniques like facial recognition, speech recognition, etc. It can even understand your emotions at the touch of the mouse. It verifies your identity, feels your presents, and starts interacting with you .You ask the computer to dial to your friend at his office. It realizes the urgency of the situation through the mouse, dials your friend at his office, and establishes a connection.
The BLUE EYES technology aims at creating computational machines that have perceptual and sensory ability like those of human beings.Employing most modern video cameras and microphones to identifies the users actions through the use of imparted sensory abilities . The machin can understand what a user wants, where he is looking at, and even realize his physical or emotional states.
Emotion mouse:-
One goal of human computer interaction (HCI) is to make an adaptive, smart computer system. This type of project could possibly include gesture recognition, facial recognition, eye tracking, speech recognition, etc. Another non-invasive way to obtain information about a person is through touch. People use their computers to obtain, store and manipulate data using their computer. In order to start creating smart computers, the computer must start gaining information about the user. Our proposed method for gaining user information through touch is via a computer input device, the mouse. From the physiological data obtained from the user, an emotional state may be determined which would then be related to the task the user is currently doing on the computer. Over a period of time, a user model will be built in order to gain a sense of the user's personality. The scope of the project is to have the computer adapt to the user in order to create a better working environment where the user is more productive. The first steps towards realizing this goal are described here.
Emotion and computing:-
Rosalind Picard (1997) describes why emotions are important to the computing community. There are two aspects of affective computing: giving the computer the ability to detect emotions and giving the computer the ability to express emotions. Not only are emotions crucial for rational decision making.but emotion detection is an important step to an adaptive computer system. An adaptive, smart computer system has been driving our efforts to detect a person’s emotional state. By matching a person’s emotional state and the context of the expressed emotion, over a period of time the person’s personality is being exhibited. Therefore, by giving the computer a longitudinal understanding of the emotional state of its user, the computer could adapt a working style which fits with its user’s personality. The result of this collaboration could increase productivity for the user. One way of gaining information from a user non-intrusively is by video. Cameras have been used to detect a person’s emotional state. We have explored gaining information through touch. One obvious place to put sensors is on the mouse.
Theory:-
Based on Paul Ekman’s facial expression work, we see a correlation between a person’s emotional state and a person’s physiological measurements. Selected works from Ekman and others on measuring facial behaviors describe Ekman’s Facial Action Coding System (Ekman and Rosenberg, 1997). One of his experiments involved participants attached to devices to record certain measurements including pulse, galvanic skin response (GSR), temperature, somatic movement and blood pressure. He then recorded the measurements as the participants were instructed to mimic facial expressions which corresponded to the six basic emotions. He defined the six basic emotions as anger, fear, sadness, disgust, joy and surprise. From this work, Dryer (1993) determined how physiological measures could be used to distinguish various emotional states.
The measures taken were GSR, heart rate, skin temperature and general somatic activity (GSA). These data were then subject to two analyses. For the first analysis, a multidimensional scaling (MDS) procedure was used to determine the dimensionality of the data.
Result:-
The data for each subject consisted of scores for four physiological assessments [GSA, GSR, pulse, and skin temperature, for each of the six emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise)] across the five minute baseline and test sessions. GSA data was sampled 80 times per second, GSR and temperature were reported approximately 3-4 times per second and pulse was recorded as a beat was detected, approximately 1 time per second. To account for individual variance in physiology, we calculated the difference between the baseline and test scores. Scores that differed by more than one and a half standard deviations from the mean were treated as missing. By this criterion, twelve score were removed from the analysis.
The results show the theory behind the Emotion mouse work is fundamentally sound. The physiological measurements were correlated to emotions using a correlation model. The correlation model is derived from a calibration process in which a baseline attribute-to emotion correlation is rendered based on statistical analysis of calibration signals generated by users having emotions that are measured or otherwise known at calibration time.
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#11
PRESENTED BY:
K.V.VIKRANTH KUMAR

[attachment=10712]
1. INTRODUCTION
Imagine yourself in a world where humans interact with computers. You are sitting in front of your personal computer that can listen, talk, or even scream aloud. It has the ability to gather information about you and interact with you through special techniques like facial recognition, speech recognition, etc. It can even understand your emotions at the touch of the mouse. It verifies your identity, feels your presents, and starts interacting with you .You ask the computer to dial to your friend at his office. It realizes the urgency of the situation through the mouse, dials your friend at his office, and establishes a connection.
Human cognition depends primarily on the ability to perceive, interpret, and integrate audio-visuals and sensoring information. Adding extraordinary perceptual abilities to computers would enable computers to work together with human beings as intimate partners.
Researchers are attempting to add more capabilities to computers that will allow them to interact like humans, recognize human presents, talk, listen, or even guess their feelings.
The BLUEEYES technology aims at creating computational machines that have perceptual and sensory ability like those of human beings. It uses non-obtrusige sensing method, employing most modern video cameras and microphones to identify the user’s actions through the use of imparted sensory abilities. The machine can understand what a user wants, where he is looking at, and even realize his physical or emotional states.
2. EMOTION AND COMPUTING
One goal of human computer interaction (HCI) is to make an adaptive, smart computer system. This type of project could possibly include gesture recognition, facial recognition, eye tracking, speech Recognition, etc. Another non-invasive way to obtain information about a person is through touch. People use their computers to obtain, store and manipulate data using their computer. In order to start creating smart computers, the computer must start gaining information about the user. Our proposed method for gaining user information through touch is via a computer input device, the mouse. From the physiological data obtained from the user, an emotional state may be determined which would then be related to the task the user is currently doing on the computer. Over a period of time, a user model will be built in order to gain a sense of the user's personality. The scope of the project is to have the computer adapt to the user in order to create a better working environment where the user is more productive. The first steps towards realizing this goal are described here. Rosalind Picard (1997) describes why emotions are important to the computing community. There are two aspects of affective computing: giving the computer the ability to detect emotions and giving the computer the ability to express emotions. Not only are emotions crucial for rational decision making as Picard describes, but emotion detection is an
important step to an adaptive computer system. An adaptive, smart computer
system has been driving our efforts to detect a person’s emotional state. An important element of incorporating emotion into computing is for
productivity for a computer user. A study (Dryer & Horowitz, 1997) has shown that people with personalities that are similar or complement each other collaborate well. Dryer (1999) has also shown that people view their computer as having a personality. For these reasons, it is important to develop computers which can work well with its user. By matching a
person’s emotional state and the context of the expressed emotion, over a period of time the person’s personality is being exhibited. Therefore, by giving the computer a longitudinal understanding of the emotional state of its user, the computer could adapt a working style which fits with its user’s personality. The result of this collaboration could increase productivity for the user. One way of gaining information from a user non-intrusively is by video. Cameras have been used to detect a person’s emotional state
(Johnson, 1999). We have explored gaining information through touch. One obvious place to put sensors is on the mouse. Through observing normal computer usage (creating and editing documents and surfing the web), people spend approximately 1/3 of their total computer time touching their input device. Because of the incredible amount of time spent touching an input device, we will explore the possibility of detecting emotion through touch.
2.1 TYPES OF EMOTIONAL SENSORS
2.1.1 FOR HAND

One proposed, non—invasive method for gaining user information through touch is via a computer input device, the mouse. This then allows the user to relate the cardiac rhythm, the body temperature, electrical conductivity of the skin and other physiological attributes with the mood. This has led to the creation of the “Emotion Mouse”. The device can measure heart rate, temperature, galvanic skin response and minute bodily movements and matches them with six emotional states: happiness, surprise,
anger, fear, sadness and disgust.
The mouse includes a set of sensors, including infrared detectors and temperature-sensitive chips. These components, User researchers’ stress, will also be crafted into other commonly used items such as the office chair, the steering wheel, the keyboard and the phone handle. Integrating the system into the steering wheel, for instance, could allow an alert to be sounded when a driver becomes drowsy.
Information Obtained From Emotion Mouse:-
1. Behavior
a. Mouse movements
b. Button click frequency
c. Finger pressure when a user presses his/her button
2. Physiological information
a. Heart rate (Electrocardiogram(ECG/EKG),Photoplethysmogram
(PPG) )
b. Skin temperature (Thermester)
c. Skin electricity (Galvanic skin response, GSR)
d. Electromyographic activity (Electromyogram, MG)
Prototype:-
2.1.2 FOR EYES
Fig. A wearable device which allows any viewer to visualize the confusion and interest levels of the wearer.
Other recent developments in related technology is the attempt to learn the needs of the user just by following the interaction between the user and the computer in order to know what he/she is interested in at any given moment. For example, by remembering the type of websites that the user links to according to the mood and time of the day, the computer could search on related sites and suggest the results the user.
2.1.3 FOR BODY:-
A jacket with an embedded sensor net worn by a conductor helps extend the conductor’s ability to express emotion
and intentionality.
2.1.4 FOR SPEECH:-
A personalizing conversational speech interface agent designed for affective communication, which adjust speaking style to the user.
3. THEORIES AND TECHNOLOGIES
3.1 PAUL EKMAN’S FACIAL EXPRESSION

Based on Paul Ekman’s facial expression work, we see a correlation between a person’s emotional state and a person’s physiological measurements. Selected works from Ekman and others on measuring facial behaviors describe Ekman’s Facial Action Coding System (Ekman and Rosenberg, 1997). One of his experiments involved participants attached to devices to record certain measurements including pulse, galvanic skin response (GSR), temperature, somatic movement and blood pressure. He then recorded the measurements as the participants were instructed to mimic facial expressions which corresponded to the six basic emotions. He defined the six basic emotions as anger, fear, sadness, disgust, joy and surprise. From this work, Dryer (1993) determined how physiological measures could be used to distinguish various emotional states.
Six participants were trained to exhibit the facial expressions of the six basic emotions. While each participant exhibited these expressions, the physiological changes associated with affect were assessed. The measures taken were GSR, heart rate, skin temperature and general somatic activity (GSA). These data were then subject to two analyses. For
the first analysis, a multidimensional scaling (MDS) procedure was used to
determine the dimensionality of the data. This analysis suggested that the physiological similarities and dissimilarities of the six emotional states fit within a four dimensional model. For the second analysis, a discriminant
function analysis was used to determine the mathematic functions that would distinguish the six emotional states. This analysis suggested that all four physiological variables made significant, nonredundant contributions to the functions that distinguish the six states. Moreover, these analyses indicate that these four physiological measures are sufficient to determine reliably a person’s specific emotional state. Because of our need to incorporate these measurements into a small, non-intrusive form, we will
explore taking these measurements from the hand. The amount of conductivity of the skin is best taken from the fingers. However, the other measures may not be as obvious or robust. We hypothesize that changes in the temperature of the finger are reliable for prediction of emotion. We also hypothesize the GSA can be measured by change in movement in the computer mouse. Our efforts to develop a robust pulse meter are not discussed here.
3.2 MANUAL AND GAZE INPUT CASCADED (MAGIC) POINTING
This work explores a new direction in utilizing eye gaze for computer input. Gaze tracking has long been considered as an alternative or potentially superior pointing method for computer input. We believe that many fundamental limitations exist with traditional gaze pointing. In
particular, it is unnatural to overload a perceptual channel such as vision with a motor control task. We therefore propose an alternative approach, dubbed MAGIC (Manual And Gaze Input Cascaded) pointing. With such an approach, pointing appears to the user to be a manual task, used for fine manipulation and selection. However, a large portion of the cursor
movement is eliminated by warping the cursor to the eye gaze area, which
encompasses the target. Two specific MAGIC pointing techniques, one
conservative and one liberal, were designed, analyzed, and implemented
with an eye tracker we developed. They were then tested in a pilot study.
This early stage exploration showed that the MAGIC pointing techniques might offer many advantages, including reduced physical effort and fatigue as compared to traditional manual pointing, greater accuracy and naturalness than traditional gaze pointing, and possibly faster speed than manual pointing. The pros and cons of the two techniques are discussed in light of both performance data and subjective reports.


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#12

PRESENTED BY:
K.RAVINDRA BABU

[attachment=10762]
Motivation
• Human error - a frequent reason of catastrophes and ecological disasters
What is BlueEyes
INTRODUCTION:
The BLUE EYES technology aims at creating computational machines that have perceptual and sensory ability like those of human beings.
It uses non-obtrusige sensing method, employing most modern video cameras and microphones to identifies the users actions through the use of imparted sensory abilities .
The machine can understand what a user wants, where he is looking at, and even realize his physical or emotional states.
The complex solution for human-operator monitoring:
– conscious brain involvement monitoring
– triggering user-defined actions
– data recording
• BlueEyes - benefits
• Design objectives
• A mobile data acquisition device
• Physiological foundations
Preconscious brain
EMOTION MOUSE:
One goal of human computer interaction (HCI) is to make an adaptive, smart computer system.
This type of project could possibly include gesture recognition, facial recognition, eye tracking, speech recognition.
Another non-invasive way to obtain information about a person is through touch.
Our proposed method for gaining user information through touch is via a computer input device, the mouse.
MANUAL AND GAZE INPUT CASCADED(MAGIC) POINTING:
This explores a new direction in utilising eye gaze for computer input.
Gaze tracking has long been considered as an alternative or potentially superior pointing method for computer.
With such an approach pointing appears to the users to be a manual task, used for fine manipulation and selection.
This MAGIC pointing techniques offers many advantages, including reduced physical effort and fatigue as compared to traditional manual pointing, greater accuracy and possibly faster speed than manual pointing.
• The eye movement sensor
• Eye position measuring - direct infrared oculography
• Oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin measurement
• Two axial
accelerometer
Ambient light sensor
• With the target selection by dwell time method, considered more natural than selection by blinking , one has to be conscious of where one looks and how long one looks at an object.
If one does not look at a target continuously for a set threshold (e.g., 200 ms), the target will not be successfully selected.
On the other hand, if one stares at an object for more than the set threshold, the object will be selected, regardless of the user’s intention.
MAGIC pointing techniques offer the following potential advantages:
Reduction of manual stress and fatigue
Practical accuracy level. In comparison to traditional pure gaze pointing whose accuracy is fundamentally limited by the nature of eye movement, the MAGIC pointing techniques let the hand complete the pointing task, so they can be as accurate as any other manual input techniques.
The user does not have to be aware of the role of the eye gaze. To the user, pointing continues to be a manual task, with a cursor conveniently appearing where it needs to be.
Improved subjective speed and ease-of-use.
• System overview
DAU - features
• Lightweight
• Runs on batteries - low power consumption
• Easy to use - does not disturb the operator working
• ID cards for operator authorization
• Voice transmission using hardware PCM codec
CSU - features
CSU - saccade detector

• Saccade detector and conscious brain involvement level calculation
CSU - Visualization Module
Data security

• Only registered mobile devices
can connect to the system
• Bluetooth connection authentication
• Bluetooth connection encryption
• Access rights restrictions
• Personal and physiological data encryption
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#13
[attachment=10929]
Abstract
Imagine yourself in a world where humans interact with computers. You are sitting in front of your personal computer that can listen, talk, or even scream aloud. It has the ability to gather information about you and interact with you through special techniques like facial recognition, speech recognition, etc. It can even understand your emotions at the touch of the mouse. It verifies your identity, feels your presents, and starts interacting with you .You ask the computer to dial to your friend at his office. It realizes the urgency of the situation through the mouse, dials your friend at his office, and establishes a connection.
Human cognition depends primarily on the ability to perceive, interpret, and integrate audio-visuals and sensoring information. Adding extraordinary perceptual abilities to computers would enable computers to work together with human beings as intimate partners. Researchers are attempting to add more capabilities to computers that will allow them to interact like humans, recognize human presents, talk, listen, or even guess their feelings.
The BLUE EYES technology aims at creating computational machines that have perceptual and sensory ability like those of human beings. It uses non-obtrusige sensing method, employing most modern video cameras and microphones to identifies the users actions through the use of imparted sensory abilities . The machine can understand what a user wants, where he is looking at, and even realize his physical or emotional states.
The basic idea behind this technology is to give the computer the human power. We all have some perceptual abilities. That is we can understand each others feelings. For example we can understand ones emotional state by analyzing his facial expression. If we add these perceptual abilities of human to computers would enable computers to work together with human beings as intimate partners. The "BLUE EYES" technology aims at creating computational machines that have perceptual and sensory ability like those of human beings.
Introduction
Ever think your computer might one day pester you with messages of love or take up arms in a fit of rage over your insensitivity?
If researchers at IBM’s Almaden Research Center here are to be believed, we could then soon see computers that actually know you hate them, or in turn appreciate them for a job well done.
Their initiative to make this happen: the Blue Eyes research project currently being implemented by the center’s user systems ergonomic research group (User). Blue Eyes seeks attentive computation by integrating perceptual abilities to computers wherein non-obtrusive sensing technology, such as video cameras and microphones, are used to identify and observe your actions.
As you walk by the computer screen, for example, the camera would immediately "sense" your presence and automatically turn on room lights, the television, or radio while popping up your favorite Internet website on the display.
Part of this project is not only teaching computers how to sense or perceive user action. They are also being programmed to know how users feel--depressed, ecstatic, bored, amused, or anxious--and make a corresponding response. Computers can, on their own, play a funny Flash animation feature to entertain its "master" if it notices a sad look on his or her face.
Voice or sound capabilities can also be integrated, with the computer "talking" to his user about the task at hand or simply acknowledging a command with a respectful, "yes, sir."
In these cases, the computer extracts key information, such as where the user is looking, what he or she is saying or gesturing or how the subject’s emotions are evident with a grip on the pointing device.
These cues are analyzed to determine the user’s physical, emotional, or informational state, which can be used to increase productivity. This is done by performing expected actions or by providing expected information.
Human cognition depends primarily on the ability to perceive, interpret, and integrate audio-visuals and sensoring information. Adding extraordinary perceptual abilities to computers would enable computers to work together with human beings as intimate partners.
Researchers are attempting to add more capabilities to computers that will allow them to interact like humans, recognize human presents, talk, listen, or even guess their feelings.
The Blue Eyes technology aims at creating computational machines that have perceptual and sensory ability like those of human beings. It uses non-obtrusige sensing method, employing most modern video cameras and microphones to identify the users’ actions through the use of imparted sensory abilities. The machine can understand what a user wants, where he is looking at, and even realize his physical or emotional states.
For a long time emotions have been kept out of the deliberate tools of science; scientists have expressed emotion, but no tools could sense and respond to their affective information. This paper highlights research aimed at giving computers the ability to comfortably sense, recognize and respond to the human communication of emotion, especially affective states such as frustration, confusion, interest, distress, anger and joy. Two main themes of sensing—self–report and concurrent expression—are described, together with examples of systems that give users new ways to communicate emotions to computers and, through computers, to other people. In addition to building systems that try to elicit and detect frustration, system has been developed that responds to user frustration in a way that appears to help alleviatit. This paper highlights applications of this research to interface design, wearable computing, entertainment and education and briefly presents some potential ethical concerns and how they might be addressed.
Not all computers need to “pay attention” to emotions or to have the capability to emulate emotion. Some machines are useful as rigid tools, and it is fine to keep them that way. However, there are situations in which human—computer interaction could be improved by having he computer adapt to the user, and in which communication about when, where, how and how important it is to adapt involves the use of emotional information.
Findings of Reeves and Nass at Stanford University suggest that the interaction between human and machine is largely natural and social, indicating that factors important in human— human interaction are also important in human—computer interaction. In human—human interaction, it has been argued that skills of so—called “emotional intelligence” are more important than are traditional mathematical and verbal skills of intelligence. These skills include the ability to recognize the emotions of another and to respond appropriately to these emotions. Whether or not these particular skills are more important than certain other skills will depend on the situation and goals of the used, but what is clear is that these skills are important in human—human interaction, and when they are missing, interaction is more likely to be perceived as frustrating and not very intelligent.
Current computer input devices, particularly the common ones such as keyboards and mice, are limiting in capabilities. Interfaces should not be limited merely to the screen, which forms the intermediary between the user and the results of the computer processes. Rather, the subsidiary devices should also be brought into the equation. In a sense, computer interfaces could be seen as a ‘peer’, or as one who responds activity to user input, as a reflection and a response lf the user’s feeling and emotions, to better understand the true intensions of the user.
There are three key aspects that is important in representing the ‘emotions’ that a computer is believed to posses: automatic signals, facial expressions and behavioral manifestations. When observing human communication, studies have shown that apart from facial expressions, gestures, touch and other signs of the body language play a vita role in the communication of feelings and emotion. However one failing of the desktop PC is its inability to simulate the effect of touch. Humans are experts at interpreting facial expressions and tones of voice and making accurate interferences about others’ internal states from these clues. Controversy rages over anthromorphism: should we leverage this expertise in the service of computer interface design, since attributing human characteristic to machines often means setting unrealistic and unfulfillable expectations about the machine’s capabilities? Show a human face; expect human capabilities that far outstrip the machines? Yet the fact remains that faces have been used effectively in media to represent a wide variety of internal states. And with careful design, we regard emotional expression via face and sound as a potentially effective means of communicating a wide array of information to computer users. As system become more capable of emotional communication with users, we see systems needing more and more sophisticated emotionally— expressive capability.
Sensors, tactile or otherwise, are an integral part of an effective computing system because they provide information about the wearer’s physical state or behavior. They can gather data in a continuous way without having to interrupt the user. The emphasis here is on describing physiological sensors; however, there are many kinds of new sensors currently under development that might be useful in recognizing affective cues. (Tactile) Sensors to receive human felling as input have been progressively developing over the last few decades. Since the human brain functions communicates its emotions as electrical signals, sensitive equipment and apparatus are able to pick up these weak signals. Here, we provide a concise list of the current technology available that could be further developed as input devices for obtaining user emotional information.
Types of Emotional Sensors
Emotion Mouse

One proposed, non—invasive method for gaining user information through touch is via a computer input device, the mouse. This then allows the user to relate the cardiac rhythm, the body temperature, electrical conductivity of the skin and other physiological attributes with the mood. This has led to the creation of the “Emotion Mouse”. The device can measure heart rate, temperature, galvanic skin response and minute bodily movements and matches them with six emotional states: happiness, surprise, anger, fear, sadness and disgust.
The mouse includes a set of sensors, including infrared detectors and temperature-sensitive chips. These components, User researchers’ stress, will also be crafted into other commonly used items such as the office chair, the steering wheel, the keyboard and the phone handle. Integrating the system into the steering wheel, for instance, could allow an alert to be sounded when a driver becomes drowsy.
Information Obtained From Emotion Mouse:-
1) Behavior
a. Mouse movements
b. Button click frequency
c. Finger pressure when a user presses his/her button
2) Physiological information
a. Heart rate ( Electrocardiogram(ECG/EKG), Photoplethysmogram(PPG) )
b. Skin temperature (Thermester)
c. Skin electricity (Galvanic skin response, GSR)
d. Electromyographic activity (Electromyogram, MG)
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#14
Sad 
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#15
BLUE EYES TECHNOLOGY

[attachment=16717]

INTRODUCTION


What is BlueEyes?
BLUE EYES is a technology, which aims at creating computational machines that have perceptual and sensory abilities like those of human beings.
The basic idea behind this technology is to give computer human power.For example, we can understand humans’ emotional state by his facial expressions. If we add these perceptual abilities to computers, we would enable them to work together with human beings as intimate partners.
It provides technical means for monitoring and recording human-operator’s physiological condition.


How are blue and eyes related?
As the idea is to monitor and record operator’s basic physiological parameters, the most important physiological activity is the movement of eyes.
For a computer to sense the eye movement, wiring between operator and the system is required. But, this is a serious limitation of the operator’s mobility and disables his operations in large control rooms.
So utilization of wireless technology becomes essential which can be implemented through bluetooth-technology.


Need for blue eyes?

Is it necessary to make computer function what a human brain does?
Yes, human error is still one of the most frequent causes of catastrophes (calamity) and ecological disasters, because human contribution to the overall performance of the system is left unsupervised.


COMPONENTS OF CSU:
CONNECTION MANAGER – main task to perform low-level blue tooth communication
DATA ANALYSIS MODULE – performs the analysis of the raw sensor data in order to obtain information about operator’s physiological condition
DATA LOGGER MODULE – provides support for storing the monitored data.
VISULAIZATION MODULE – provides user interface for the supervisors



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#16
Blue Eyes Technology

[attachment=16898]
WHY BLUE EYE?

Blue eye technology enable computers to work together with human beings as intimate partners


How can we make computers “see” and “feel”


Blue eyes uses sensing technology to identify a user’s actions
to determine the his emotional state.

Types of Emotional Sensors


For Hand: Emotion Mouse
For Eyes: Expression Glasses
For Body: Conductor Jacket


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#17
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#18
BlueEyes system


.pdf   BlueEyes system.pdf (Size: 356.8 KB / Downloads: 5)

ABSTRACT

Human error is still one of the most frequent causes of catastrophes and ecological disasters. The main reason is that the
monitoring systems concern only the state of the processes whereas human contribution to the overall performance of the
system is left unsupervised. Since the control instruments are automated to a large extent, a human – operator becomes a
passive observer of the supervised system, which results in weariness and vigilance drop.

INTRODUCTION

BlueEyes system provides technical means for monitoring and recording the operator’s basic
physiological parameters. The most important parameter is saccadic activity, which enables the system
to monitor the status of the operator’s visual attention along with head acceleration, which accompanies
large displacement of the visual axis. Complex industrial environment can create a danger of exposing
the operator to toxic substances, which can affect his cardiac, circulatory and pulmonary systems. Thus,
on the grounds of plethysmographic signal taken from the forehead skin surface, the system computes
heart beat rate and blood oxygenation.

What Is Blue Eyes?

· BLUE EYES is a technology, which aims at creating computational machines that have
perceptual and sensory abilities like those of human beings.
· The basic idea behind this technology is to give computer human power.
· For example, we can understand humans’ emotional state by his facial expressions. If we add
these perceptual abilities to computers, we would enable them to work together with human
beings as intimate partners.
· It provides technical means for monitoring and recording human-operator’s physiological
condition.

Key features of the system

· Visual attention monitoring (eye motility analysis).
· Physiological condition monitoring (pulse rate, blood oxygenation).
· Operator’s position detection (standing, lying).
· Wireless data acquisition using Bluetooth technology.

CONCLUSION

BlueEyes need for a real-time monitoring system for a human operator. The approach is innovative
since it helps supervise the operator not the process, as it is in presently available solutions. This
system in its commercial release will help avoid potential threats resulting from human errors, such as
weariness, oversight, tiredness or temporal indisposition.
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#19
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#20
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#21
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#22
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