E85 is an alcohol fuel mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline, by volume. ethanol derived from crops (bioethanol) is a biofuel.
E85 as a fuel is widely used in Sweden and is becoming increasingly common in the United States, mainly in the Midwest where corn is a major crop and is the primary source material for ethanol fuel production.
E85 is usually used in engines modified to accept higher concentrations of ethanol. Such flexible-fuel engines are designed to run on any mixture of gasoline or ethanol with up to 85% ethanol by volume. The pr ....etc

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INTRODUCTION
In recent years, legislative and market requirements have driven the need to reduce fuel consumption while meeting increasingly stringent exhaust emissions. This trend has dictated increasing complexity in automotive engines and new approaches to engine design. A key research objective for the automotive engineering community has been the potential combination of gasoline-engine specific power with diesel-like engine efficiency in a cost-competitive, production-feasible power train. One pr ....etc

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ABSTRACT
Laser ignition has become an active research topic in recent years because it has the potential to replace the conventional electric spark plugs in engines Compared to conventional spark ignition. Laser ignition allows more flexible choice of the ignition location inside the combustion chamber with the possibility to ignite even inside the fuel spray .Modern engines are required to operate under much higher compression ratios, faster compression rates, and much leaner fuel-to-air ratios than gas engines toda ....etc

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Presented by:
MANIVANNAN .R
GOWRI SHANKAR D.T.


ABSTRACT
Although current systems relay almost exclusively on mixture formation outside the combustion chamber, concept based on internal mixture formation. With the fuel being injected directly into the combustion chamber were actually the foundation for first gasoline injection system. As there system are superb instruments for achieving further reductions in fuel consumption. There are now becoming an increasingly significant factor.
Gasoline ....etc

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ABSTRACT
A high-frequency electrical resonance-based ignition concept
is in development to replace conventional spark ignition
functionality for gasoline engines employing various types of
fuel injection methods. The concept provides the benefit of a
continuous discharge phase and the electrical power of the
discharge can also be adjusted to the needs of the combustion
conditions.
This concept employs an alternative method of generating
high voltages, using inductors and capacitors trimmed such
that the supplied energy steadil ....etc

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Abstract
The development of four-stroke, spark-ignition engines that are designed to inject gasoline directly into the combustion
chamber is an important worldwide initiative of the automotive industry. The thermodynamic potential of such engines for
significantly enhanced fuel economy, transient response and cold-start hydrocarbon emission levels has led to a large number of
research and development projects that have the goal of understanding, developing and optimizing gasoline direct-injection
(GDI) combustion systems. The proces ....etc

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Gasoline direct injection or GDI is a variant of fuel injection employed in modern four stroke petrol engines. The gasoline or biobutanol is injected right into the combustion chamber of each cylinder, as opposed to conventional multi point fuel injection that happens in the intake manifold.

GDI enables stratified charge (ultra lean burn) combustion for improved fuel efficiency and emission levels at low load. Further improving efficiency and high-load output-power, the engine power is governed by modulating fuel injection, like a diesel eng ....etc

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Abstract
This paper presents a critical review of the recent combustion advancements made in gasoline engines for the reduction of fuel consumption
and engine-out emissions, and the technologies associated with these advancements. For optimum combustion throughout
their speed/load range, engines should operate in three combustion modes: stratified-charge spark-ignited (SCSI), homogeneous-charge
spark-ignited (HCSI), and homogeneous-charge compression-ignited (HCCI). Key technologies to achieve this, with maximum reduction
in fuel co ....etc

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Gasoline direct injection or GDI is a variant of fuel injection employed in modern four stroke petrol engines. The gasoline or biobutanol is injected right into the combustion chamber of each cylinder, as opposed to conventional multi point fuel injection that happens in the intake manifold.

GDI enables stratified charge (ultra lean burn) combustion for improved fuel efficiency and emission levels at low load. Further improving efficiency and high-load output-power, the engine power is governed by modulating fuel injection, like a diesel eng ....etc

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Modeling of Gasoline Direct Injection Mixture Formation Using
KIVA-3V: Development of Spray Breakup & Wall Impingement
Models and Validation with Optical Engine Planar
Laser Induced Fluorescence Measurements.

ABSTRACT
The computational code KIVA-3V has been used as the modeling platform for Gasoline Direct Injection enginesimulations. Improved models for fuel injection, wall impingement and stratified combustion have been implemented.To complement the modeling effort, experimental data of an optical engine has provided extensive ....etc

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