Presented by:
Dhwani
Varuna


Atomic force microscopy
 It is also known as scanning force microscopy.
 AFM is a very high resolution type of scanning probe microscopy , with resolution of order of a fraction of nanometer.
 AFM is one of the foremost tools for imaging , measuring and manipulating matter at the nanoscale.
Modes of AFM
There are three modes in which AFM can be operated depending on application:-
1. Static mode (contact).
2. Dynamic mode(non contact).
3. Tapping mode.
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Definition
Prosperity, and even survival, for small businesses depends as never before on the ability to respond with speed and certainty to the challenges and opportunities that are presented by competitors and customers. Electronic Commerce provides an opportunity to increase competitive edge and consolidate and enhance both business to business and business to consumer trading relationships.

In the current competitive & fast moving world of E-commerce & Electronic data transfer , comes a highly relevant , yet , under-utilised system of d ....etc

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Microscope Light Dimmer for Biomedical Image Enhancement with Virtual Instrumentation


I. INTRODUCTION
Light dimming is based on adjusting the voltage
which gets to the lamp. Light dimming has been
possible for many decades by using adjustable power
resistors and adjustable transformers. The problem of
those light controlling methods have been that they
are big, expensive, have poor efficiency and they are
hard to control from remote location.


II. DESIG ....etc

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The best optical microscopes can see structures in the 200 – 400 nm range, at their limits of resolution.
The STM can “see” structures on the order of 0.1 nm —another SPM, the AFM—can distinguish things on the order of 100 nm .
Optical microscopes are “diffraction limited”—the wavelength range of visible light (400-750 nm) sets the size of the smallest thing that can be imaged: ~ 400 nm.
Scanning Probe Microscopes don’t use visible light—they depend on measuring intermolecular ....etc

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In an increasingly competitive marketplace system complexity continues to grow, but time-to-market and lifecycle are reducing. The purpose of fault diagnosis is the isolation of faults on defective systems, a task requiring a high skill set.

This has driven the need for automated diagnostic tools. Over the last two decades, automated diagnosis has been an active research area, but the industrial acceptance of these techniques, particularly in cost-sensitive areas, has not been high.

This paper reviews this research, primarily covering r ....etc

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Tool wear has long been identified as the most undesirable characteristic of the machining operations. Flank wear, is particular directly affects the work piece dimensions and the surface quality. A reliable and sensitive technique for monitoring the tool wears with out interrupting the process, is curtail in realization of the modern manufacturing concepts like unmanned machining centers, adaptive control optimization, etc. in this work an opto-electronic sensor is used in conjunction with a multilayered neural network for predicting the flan ....etc

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Electronic road pricing system (ERP) the motorists are charged
In Electronic road pricing system (ERP) the motorists are charged when they use the road during peak hours.
Thus system is used to prevent traffic congestions in roads and highways.
It uses a dedicated short range radio communication system to deduct ERP charges from cash cards.

Advantages of ERPS
--------------------
1. Congestion reduction
By introducing an ERPS, users will choose alternative routes, thus reducing the number of vehicles on congested roads.
This will pro ....etc

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help me guyz to understand tool maker microscope ? ....etc

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SEM
Introduction
The optical microscope was invented in the early 17th century. Although this discovery that revolutionized science, these were the first microscopes little more than one type magnifying glasses. The centuries many scientists then looked for new versions of the microscope with an improved resolution. In the year 1900, the maximum resolution achievable with a light microscope reached: 2 micrometers.
This maximum resolution we can do as follows:
The wavelength is important for the resolution on ee optical system, es ....etc

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