It has become increasingly difficult to simulate their responses to radiation as the ICs become smaller and hence more complex. a multi-scale, hierarchical
simulation approach is required here as the time scales and sizes extend over orders of magnitude. this article describes the use of multi-scale simulations examining enhanced low-dose-rate sensitivity (ELDRS) in bipolar
transistors and single-event effects (SEE) in CMOS ICs. The simulation tools operating at one level of abstraction pass he information to another tool operating at anot ....etc

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INTRODUCTION
Solar radiation is the energy given off by the sun in all directions. When this energy reaches the earth's surface, it is called insolation.
Solar radiation gives out light and heat to the earth in the form of electromagnetic waves. It has different wave lengths. Radiation such as ultraviolet radiation, X rays and visible light have short wave lengths. Infrared radiation has a long wave length.
Solar radiation is measured with a pyranometer or pyrheliometer.
The atm ....etc

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Submitted by
Romy Kansal

Under Esteemed Guidance of
Mr. MANDEEP SINGH



Abstract
The following document details the research and development of an Automatic Solar radiation tracker. Fossil fuels are a relatively short-term energy source; consequently, the uses of alternative sources such as solar energy are becoming more wide spread. To make solar energy more viable, the efficiency of solar array systems must be maximized. A feasible approach to maximizing the efficiency of solar array systems is ....etc

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TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF IMAGE-GUIDED RESPIRATION-GATED
RADIATION THERAPY


STEVE B. JIANG, PH.D.
Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
( Accepted 21 December 2005)


Abstract—In this review article, we discuss various technical aspects of image-guided respiration-gated radiation
therapy. We first review some basic concepts related to respiratory gating, including gating window, duty cycle,
residual motion, internal/external gating, amplitud ....etc

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Terahertz Radiation
In physics, terahertz radiation refers to electromagnetic waves sent at frequencies in the terahertz range. It is also referred to as submillimeter radiation, terahertz waves, terahertz light, T-rays, T-light, T-lux and THz. The term is normally used for the region of the electromagnetic spectrum between 300 gigahertz (3x1011 Hz) and 3 terahertz (3x1012 Hz), corresponding to the submillimeter wavelength range between 1 millimeter (high-frequency edge of the microwave band) and 100 micrometer (long-wavelength edge of far-inf ....etc

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Space is a hostile environment. No atmosphere, extreme variations in temperature and almost no energy sources, where even the slightest of mistakes can lead to a disaster. The vast emptiness of space is filled with radiation, mostly from the sun.A normal computer unless given proper shielding will not be able to work properly. Thus special types of chips- rad hard chips are used. ....etc

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full report on Radiation hardening chips ....etc

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Space is a hostile environment. No atmosphere, extreme variations in temperature and almost no energy sources, where even the slightest of mistakes can lead to a disaster. The vast emptiness of space is filled with radiation, mostly from the sun.

A normal computer unless given proper shielding will not be able to work properly. Thus special types of chips- rad hard chips are used.

Radiation hardened chips are made by two methods: -
Radiation hardening by process (RHBP)
Radiation hardening by design (R ....etc

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RADIATION HARDENED CHIPS

Space is a hostile environment. No atmosphere, extreme variations in temperature and almost no energy sources, where even the slightest of mistakes can lead to a disaster. The vast emptiness of space is filled with radiation, mostly from the sun. A normal computer unless given proper shielding will not be able to work properly. Thus special types of chips- rad hard chips are used.

Radiation hardened chips are made by two methods: - Radiation hardening by process (RHBP) and Radiation hardening by design (RHBD). The ....etc

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Abstract

A response surface model of the luminous flame emissivity of sodium pool fire has been proposed for use in safety analysis computer codes of a liquid metal fast reactor. The liquid sodium burns in air resulting in not only heat generation but also release of sodium oxide aerosols of sub-micron diameters. Aerosols levitating in air are radiative and they influence the allocation of combustion heat from the flame to atmospheric gas or sodium pool. The emissivity of the flame needs to be quantified, as it is one of user-specified param ....etc

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