Extreme Programming (or XP) is a software engineering methodology (and a form of agile software development) prescribing a set of daily stakeholder practices that embody and encourage particular XP values (below). Proponents believe that exercising these practices”traditional software engineering practices taken to so-called extreme levels”leads to a development process that is more responsive to customer needs (agile) than traditional methods, while creating software of better quality. Proponents of Extreme programming and agil ....etc

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1. INTRODUCTION

In this section we present genetic programming, being the fourth member of the evolutionary algorithm family. Besides the particular representation (using trees as chromosomes) it differs from other EA strands in its application area. While the EAs are typically applied to optimization problems, GP could be rather positioned in machine learning. In terms of nature of this deferent problem types, most other EAs are used for finding some input realizing maximum payoff, whereas GP is used to seek models with maximum fit. Clear ....etc

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1 Array languages 2 Aspect-oriented languages 3 Assembly languages 4 Authoring languages 5 Command line interface languages 6 Compiled languages 7 Concurrent languages 8 Curly-bracket languages 9 Dataflow languages 10 Data-oriented languages 11 Data-structured languages 12 Declarative languages 13 Esoteric languages 14 Extension languages 15 Fourth-generation languages 16 Functional languages 17 Interactive mode languages 18 Interpreted languages 19 Iterative languages 20 List-based languages “ LISPs 21 Little languages 22 Logic-based lan ....etc

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Definition
Object-oriented programming (OOP) has been presented as a technology that can fundamentally aid software engineering, because the underlying object model provides a better fit with real domain problems. However most software systems consist of several concerns that crosscut multiple modules. Object-oriented techniques for implementing such concerns result in systems that are invasive to implement, tough to understand, and difficult to evolve. This forces the implementation of those design decisions to be scattered throughout the cod ....etc

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CGI stands for Common Gateway Interface. CGI is the method by which a web server can obtain data from (or send data to) databases, documents, and other programs, and present that data to viewers via the web. More simply, CGI is programming for the web. A CGI can be written in any programming language, but Perl is the most popular, and for the course of this book, Perl is the language we'll be using.

Why learn CGI?
If you're going to create web pages, then at some point you'll want to add a counter, a form to let visitors send you mail o ....etc

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OpenGL is a widely-accepted application programming interface (API) for interactive 3D graphics rendering and 2D imaging. It provides device-independent support for common low-level 3D graphics drawing operations such as polygon specification, basic lighting control, transformation specification, and framebuffer operations like blending and depth-buffering.

It also provides mechanisms for sending and retrieving 2D images to and from the framebuffer, and integrates 3D graphics with 2D imaging through texture mapping. While other low-level gra ....etc

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We need open architectures that continuously change and evolve to accommodate new components and meet new requirements. More and more software must operate on different platforms, without recompilation and with minimal assumptions about its operating systems and users. It must be robust, autonomous and proactive. These circumstances motivated the development of Agent Oriented Programming. The objective of Agent Oriented (AO) Technology is to build systems applicable to real world that can observe and act on changes in the environment. Such syst ....etc

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Definition

Extreme Programming (XP) is actually a deliberate and disciplined approach to software development. About six years old, it has already been proven at many companies of all different sizes and industries worldwide. XP is successful because it stresses customer satisfaction. The methodology is designed to deliver the software your customer needs when it is needed. XP empowers software developers to confidently respond to changing customer requirements, even late in the life cycle. This methodology also emphasizes teamwork. Managers ....etc

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Definition

Sockets are interfaces that can plug into each other over a network. Once so plugged in, the programs so connected communicate. A server program is exposed via a socket connected to a certain /etc/services port number. A client program can then connect its own socket to the server's socket, at which time the client program's writes to the socket are read as stdin to the server program, and stdout from the server program are read from the client's socket reads.

Before a user process can perform I/O operations, it calls ....etc

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Genetic programming (GP) is an automated methodology inspired by biological evolution to find computer programs that best perform a user-defined task. It is therefore a particular machine learning technique that uses an evolutionary algorithm to optimize a population of computer programs according to a fitness landscape determined by a program's ability to perform a given computational task. The first experiments with GP were reported by Stephen F. Smith (1980) and Nichael L. Cramer (1985), as described in the famous book Genetic Programming: O ....etc

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