The low or high resistivity soil layer formed in raining or freezing season affects the safety of grounding system, and leads the changes of grounding resistance of the grounding system, step and touch voltages on the ground surface.

This paper systematically discusses the seasonal influence on the safety of grounding system and the different methods to be adopted inorder to nullify the effect of seasonal changes.
Inorder to nullify the effect of the seasonal changes we can use long vertical grounding electrodes or by using chemically cha ....etc

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send me a ppt representation for topic: operation and maintenance of 220kv/33kv substation ....etc

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ABSTRACT
Now a day’s everything is depending up on the power. So give the reliable supply to the consumers. In distribution systems one of the major parts is SUBSTATIONS.
An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity, Generation, Transmission and distribution systems where the voltage is transformed from high to low or reverse using the transformers .Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer and may be changed in different voltage levels .t ....etc

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maintenance of 33kv transformer substation.
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De-regulation of power market brings changes by creating an increase in competition among utilities. Minimizing the cost of maintenance and losses due to cable failures is a key to successful operation.

Simulations demonstrate the possibility of applying condition-based maintenance for the entire service period of a cable system if maintenance cost could be lowered to a certain level.

The aging of power cables begins long before the cable actually fails. Preventing incipient failures developing into failures can greatly reduce loses. Th ....etc

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installation and maintenance of gas insulated sub station ....etc

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33KV SUBSTATION operations and maintenance ....etc

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Definition

Maintenance has a far greater impact on corporate profitability than most managers are willing to consider, much less admit .And, as the competitive environment in the world continues to increase the pace, companies are looking for new strategies to save on costs, develop employees to face future challenges and bring about a new culture at work place. This has become imperative to stay in business and have an edge over the competition. In this situation, a number of strategies like Total Quality Management, Kaizen, quality circles ....etc

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The following is a selected list of recent papers related to the substation automation:



Papers In Journals

1. M. Kezunovic, Z. Ren, G. Latisko, D.R. Sevcik, J. Lucey, W. Cook, E. Koch, ?Automated Monitoring and Analysis of Circuit Breaker Operation,? IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp 1910-1918, July 2005
2. M. Kezunovic, T. Popovic, ?Developing Future Substation Automation Strategies: Selecting Apprpriate IEDs and Developing New Applications,? International Energy Journal, Special Issue: Cogeneration, Di ....etc

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