Voltage surges are unpredictable, momentary increases in voltage. Typically, lightning, inductive switching, or power switching cause surges, which can damage the insulation in building wiring, electrical appliances, or electronic equipment.

Power surges, which can create havoc with today's highly sensitive electrical and electronic equipment, are an unavoidable fact of life. Power surges, both voltage and current, are occurring continually in today?s power systems.

Whether they occur naturally, such as from lightning and static electri ....etc

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Lithium ion cells packaged in aluminium cans continue to be the highest performing cells in the market. Circuit protection for rechargeable lithium-based battery cells and packs in a critical design consideration.

overcurrent and overtemperature conduction that can result from accidental shorting or abusive/runaway charging can raise temperature high enough to damage components and cause substantial damage.

This paper presents the use of PPTC devices for short-circuit ....etc

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Lithium ion cells packaged in aluminium cans continue to be the highest performing cells in the market. Circuit protection for rechargeable lithium-based battery cells and packs in a critical design consideration. overcurrent and overtemperature conduction that can result from accidental shorting or abusive/runaway charging can raise temperature high enough to damage components and cause substantial damage. This paper presents the use of PPTC devices for short-circuit and overcharge of battery packs. Polymeric positive temperature coefficient [ ....etc

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Many structures have their fundamental frequencies of vibration within the range
of frequencies where the energy of most of the earthquake ground motions is a maximum. In such cases a structure will amplify the ground vibrations and produce accelerations, which increases from the base of the structure to its top. Besides producing undesirable levels of acceleration in the structure, these amplified structural motions can cause large stresses in structural elements and large relative displacements between different parts of the structure. This ....etc

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BASIC INSTRUMENTATION MEASURING DEVICES AND BASIC PID CONTROL


INTRODUCTION
Instrumentation is the art of measuring the value of some plant parameter,
pressure, flow, level or temperature to name a few and supplying a signal
that is proportional to the measured parameter. The output signals are
standard signal and can then be processed by other equipment to provide
indication, alarms or automatic control. There are a number of standard
signals; however, t ....etc

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Everyday the media brings us the horrible news on road accidents. Once a report said that the damaged property and other costs may equal 3 % of the world's gross domestic product. The concept of assisting driver in longitudinal vehicle control to avoid collisions has been a major focal point of research at many automobile companies and research organizations. The idea of driver assistance was started with the 'cruise control devices' first appeared in 1970's in USA. When switched on, this device takes up the task of the task of accelerating or ....etc

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Definition

The proliferation of mobile computing devices including laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs),and wearable computers has created a demand for wireless personal area networks (PANs).PANs allow proximal devices to share
information and resources.The mobile nature of these devices places unique requirements on PANs,such as low power consumption, frequent make-and-break connections, resource discovery and utilization, and international regulations.

This paper examines wireless technologies appropriate for PANs and reviews p ....etc

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PPTC circuit-protection devices are used to protect against harmful over current surges and over-temperature faults. Like traditional fuses, these limit the flow of dangerously high current during fault conditions. The PPTC device, however, automatically resets after the fault is cleared and power to the circuit is removed. Understanding the precise nature of these devices can help designers develop more reliable equipment and reduce warranty, service and repair costs. Improvements in size, cost and performance have resulted in wide spread acce ....etc

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Definition

The proliferation of mobile computing devices including laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs),and wearable computers has created a demand for wireless personal area networks (PANs).PANs allow proximal devices to share
information and resources.The mobile nature of these devices places unique requirements on PANs,such as low power consumption, frequent make-and-break connections, resource discovery and utilization, and international regulations.

This paper examines wireless technologies appropriate for PANs and reviews p ....etc

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Definition

RF light sources follow the same principles of converting electrical power into visible radiation as conventional gas discharge lamps. The fundamental difference between RF lamps and conventional lamps is that RF lamps operate without electrodes .the presence of electrodes in conventional florescent and High Intensity Discharge lamps has put many restrictions on lamp design and performance and is a major factor limiting lamp life.

Recent progress in semiconductor power switching electronics, which is revolutionizing many facto ....etc

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