Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) is an important process in semiconductor chip fabrication. In the CMP process, excess material is removed and the surface is planarized by the action of chemical and mechanical forces. Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) has become a key technology for device isolation in recent times. In this method, a shallow trench is made on the silicon wafer between active devices, silicon dioxide is deposited over the trench as well as the active area and the excess silicon dioxide is removed by CMP. The oxide remaining ....etc

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i am student wanted to design supercharger for CNG engine, so please provide data ....etc

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SYNOPSIS
Using an experimental system that mimics stone fragmentation in the renal pelvis, the role of stress waves and cavitation in stone comminution in shock-wave lithotripsy (SWL) is noted. Spherical plaster-of-Paris stone phantoms (10mm Dia) were exposed to 25, 50, 100, 300 and 500 shocks at the beam focus of a Dornier HM-3 lithotripter. The stone phantoms were immersed either in degassed water or in castor oil to delineate the contribution of stress waves and cavitation to stone comminution. It ....etc

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In modern era the main emphasis is on conserving energy and environment .everyone has to be very cautious in daily life so as to preserve our resources. The non conventional energy resources are diminishing and environment is getting polluted. Hence hydrogen can be used as an alternative fuel to preserve both energy and environment. This seminar emphasis on hydrogen as a very useful fuel, hydrogen car, properties of hydrogen and the various reactions of hydrogen. It clearly outlines the concepts and modifications needed so as to use hydrogen as ....etc

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In the future, predominantly solar or wind power systems will likely require energy storage for days to approximately a week, with or without connections to the 2 electric grid. If so, conversion of electricity to chemical energy is potentially attractive, since chemicals are inexpensive to store and turnaround efficiency is less critical for storage periods of a week or more. The most attractive chemical for this process is likely to be hydrogen (H2) generated locally by electrolysis of water using intermittent excess solar or wind power. Late ....etc

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1. OBJECTIVES

• The combustive properties of hydrogen that relate to its use as a combustive fuel
• The air/fuel ratio of hydrogen fuel mixtures and how it compares to other fuels
• The types of pre-ignition problems encountered in a hydrogen internal combustion engine and their solutions
• The type of ignition systems that may be used with hydrogen internal combustion engines
• Crankcase ventilation issues that pertain to hydrogen use in an internal combustion engine
• The thermal efficiency of hydrogen internal comb ....etc

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There are several growing needs for hydrogen: in the near-term for the upgrading of heavy petroleum, as a chemical feedstock, and for the production of fertilizer; in the mid-term for the production of synthetic fuels for transportation; and in the long-term as a transportation fuel through the use of fuel cells.



High-temperature electrolytic water-splitting supported by nuclear process heat and electricity has the potential to produce hydrogen with an overall system efficiency of 45 to 50 %, while avoiding the challenging corrosive con ....etc

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about animation hydrogen engine working principle in to the right box for getting free material and support from us/dedicated premium members...
about animation hydrogen engine working principle in to the right box for getting free material and support from us/dedicated premium members... ....etc

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A hydrogen vehicle
A hydrogen vehicle is an automobile which uses hydrogen as its primary source of power for locomotion. These cars generally use the hydrogen in one of two methods: combustion or fuel-cell conversion. In combustion, the hydrogen is burned in engines in fundamentally the same method as traditional gasoline cars. In fuel-cell conversion, the hydrogen is turned into electricity through fuel cells which then powers electric motors. With either method, the major byproduct from the spent hydrogen is water that can move also a mi ....etc

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