One of the key step in formal verification is the construction of a formal model of the system to be verified and these models can be visualized as a finite state machine. And model checking is the technique of systematically verifying a system against a set of intended properties. Any Model Checker thus explores all possible interleaved executions of the state machine. Given a specification of the system in terms of a finite state machine and property to be verified, model
checker automatically explores the state space in order to find an exe ....etc

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Contract farming

In India agriculture is still based largely on small family holdings, seasonal production and traditional cultivation and management practices. most small farmers are independent producers, who sell their produce individually and have little bargaining power with input suppliers and produce markets. Agricultural marketing is similarly underdeveloped, with overlapping marketing channels, inadequate infrastructure and price information, a lack of postharvest management expertise and poor packaging of produce.But now ....etc

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INTRODUCTION
The national commission on urbanization (NCU) has noted that “urban transportationis the single most important component instrumental in shaping urban development & urbanliving” In the next millennium, almost all the metropolitan cities are a serious threats ofenvironmental pollution, traffic congestion, parking problem, population burden etc.Massrapid transit systems (MRTS) are rail based urban transit systems and the only mode of
public transportation capable of carrying large number of people in ....etc

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Anandu pv
B.tech mechanical engineering ....etc

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Presented by:
Sabya Sachi


Geospatial Data Abstraction Library(GDAL)
Introduction to GDAL
• GDAL command line utilities
• What is geospatial data?
• Data or information identifying the geographic location of features and boundaries on Earth
• Accessed, manipulated and analysed by Geographic Information System
Two types:
• Raster and Vector
Raster data
• Contains rows and columns of data cells(pixels)
• Each pixel stores a single ....etc

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A Collaborative Spam Detection System with a Novel E-Mail Abstraction Scheme



Abstract

E-mail communication is indispensable nowadays, but the e-mail spam problem continues growing drastically. In recent
years, the notion of collaborative spam filtering with near-duplicate similarity matching scheme has been widely discussed. The primary
idea of the similarity matching scheme for spam detection is to maintain a known spam database, formed by user feedback, to block
subsequent near-duplicate spams.

[b ....etc

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contract and cash flows in construction



Introduction
Construction Industry is one of the most booming industries in the whole world. This industry is mainly an urban based one which is concerned with preparation as well as construction of real estate properties. The repairing of any existing building or making certain alterations in the same also comes under Construction Industry. This industry can be categorized into three basic categories namely:-
....etc

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I am an information communication engineering student from nigeria and I want to know more on this topic because i'm thinking of making it my final year project topic. ....etc

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A Bidirectional Routing Abstraction for Asymmetric Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Abstract:
Wireless links are often asymmetric due to heterogeneity in the transmission power of devices, non-uniform environmental noise, and other signal propagation phenomenon. Unfortunately, routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks typically work well only in bidirectional networks. This paper first presents a simulation study quantifying the impact of asymmetric links on network connectivity and routing per ....etc

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Hardware Abstraction Layer - HAL

HAL is Microsoft's abbreviation for the Hardware Abstraction Layer, the technology and drivers that let the Windows NT, 2000, and XP operating systems communicate with your PC's hardware. HAL is one of several features--along with the NT file system (NTFS) that replaced the much less secure MS-DOS--that make NT-based operating systems more secure and reliable than Windows 95, 98, and Me.

HAL prevents applications from directly accessing your PC's system memory, C ....etc

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