13-05-2011, 11:14 AM
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BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY
What is Bluetooth?
“Bluetooth wireless technology is an open specification for a low-cost, low-power, short-range radio technology for ad-hoc wireless communication of voice and data anywhere in the world.”
Ultimate Headset
Cordless Computer
Bluetooth Goals & Vision
Originally conceived as a cable replacement technology
Short-Range Wireless Solutions
Open Specification
Voice and Data Capability
Worldwide Usability
Other usage models began to develop:
Personal Area Network (PAN)
Ad-hoc networks
Data/voice access points
Wireless telematics
Overview of Bluetooth History
What is Bluetooth?
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communications technology.
Why this name?
It was taken from the 10th century Danish King Harald Blatand who unified Denmark and Norway.
When does it appear?
1994 – Ericsson study on a wireless technology to page link mobile phones & accessories.
5 companies joined to form the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) in 1998.
First specification released in July 1999.
Timeline
1994 : Ericsson study complete / vision
1995 : Engineering work begins
1997 : Intel agrees to collaborate
1998 : Bluetooth SIG formed: Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia & Toshiba
1999 : Bluetooth Specification 1.0A
SIG promoter group expanded: 3Com, Lucent, Microsoft & Motorola
2000 : Bluetooth Specification 1.0B, 2000+ adopters
2001 : First retail products released, Specification 1.1
2003 : Bluetooth Specification 1.2
2005 : Bluetooth Specification 2.0 (?)
Special Interest Group
Technical features
Bluetooth FHSS
Employs frequency hopping spread spectrum
Reduce interference with other devices
Pseudorandom hopping
1600 hops/sec- time slot is defined as 625 microseconds
Packet 1-5 time slots long
Time-Division Duplex Scheme
Channel is divided into consecutive slots (each 625 s)
One packet can be transmitted per slot
Subsequent slots are alternatively used for transmitting and receiving
Strict alternation of slots between the master and the slaves
Master can send packets to a slave only in EVEN slots
Slave can send packets to the master only in the ODD slots
Classification
Typical Bluetooth Scenario
Bluetooth will support wireless point-to-point and point-to-multipoint (broadcast) between devices in a piconet.
Point to Point Link
Master - slave relationship
Bluetooth devices can function as masters or slaves
Piconet
It is the network formed by a Master and one or more slaves (max 7)
Each piconet is defined by a different hopping channel to which users synchronize to
Each piconet has max capacity (1 Mbps)
Piconet Structure
Ad-hoc Network – the Scatternet
Inter-piconet communication
Up to 10 piconets in a scatternet
Multiple piconets can operate within same physical space
This is an ad-hoc, peer to peer (P2P) network
Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Baseband
Addressing
Bluetooth device address (BD_ADDR)
48 bit IEEE MAC address
Active Member address (AM_ADDR)
3 bits active slave address
all zero broadcast address
Parked Member address (PM_ADDR)
8 bit parked slave address
This MAC address is split into three parts
The Non-significant Address Part (NAP)
Used for encryption seed
The Upper Address part (UAP)
Used for error correction seed initialization & FH sequence generation
The Lower Address Part (LAP)
Used for FH sequence generation
Packet Structure
Connection State Machine
Channel Establishment
There are two managed situations
A device knows the parameters of the other
It follows paging process
No knowledge about the other
Then it follows inquiring & paging process
Two main states and sub-states
Standby (no interaction)
Connection (working)
Seven more sub-states for attaching slaves & connection establishment
Channel Establishment (contd.)
Seven sub-states
Inquiry
Inquiry scan
Inquiry response
Page
Page scan
Master response
Slave response
Link Manager Protocol
Link Manager Protocol
The Link Manager carries out page link setup, authentication & page link configuration.
Channel Control
All the work related to the channel control is managed by the master
The master uses polling process for this
The master is the first device which starts the connection
This roles can change (master-slave role switch)
L2CAP
Service provided to the higher layer:
L2CAP provides connection-oriented and connectionless data services to upper layer protocols
Protocol multiplexing and demultiplexing capabilities
Segmentation & reassembly of large packets
L2CAP permits higher level protocols and applications to transmit and receive L2CAP data packets up to 64 kilobytes in length.
Middleware Protocol Group
Middleware Protocol Group (contd.)
Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)
Means for applications to discover device info, services and its characteristics.
TCP/IP
Network Protocols for packet data communication, routing.
RFCOMM
Cable replacement protocol, emulation of serial ports over wireless network.
IP Over Bluetooth
IP over Bluetooth v 1.0
IP Over Bluetooth
IP over Bluetooth v 1.1
File Transfer Profile
Headset Profile
Core Bluetooth Products
Notebook PCs & Desktop computers
Printers
PDAs
Other handheld devices
Cell phones
Wireless peripherals:
Headsets
Cameras
Other Products…
2004 Toyota Prius & Lexus LS 430
hands free calls
Digital Pulse Oximetry System
Toshiba Washer & Dryer
Nokia N-gage
Security
Security Measures
Link Level Encryption & Authentication.
Personal Identification Numbers (PIN) for device access.
Long encryption keys are used (128 bit keys).
These keys are not transmitted over wireless. Other parameters are transmitted over wireless which in combination with certain information known to the device, can generate the keys.
Further encryption can be done at the application layer.
A Comparison
Bluetooth vs. IrD
Bluetooth
Point to Multipoint
Data & Voice
Easier Synchronization due to omni-directional and no LOS requirement
Devices can be mobile
Range 10 m
Bluetooth: Today & Tomorrow
Will Bluetooth become a household name?
Future of Bluetooth
Success of Bluetooth depends on how well it is integrated into consumer products
Consumers are more interested in applications than the technology
Bluetooth must be successfully integrated into consumer products
Must provide benefits for consumer
Must not destroy current product benefits
Key Success Factors
Interoperability
Mass Production at Low Cost
Ease of Use
End User Experience
Summary
A new global standard for data and voice
Eliminate Cables
Low Power, Low range, Low Cost network devices
Future Improvements
Master-Slave relationship can be adjusted dynamically for optimal resource allocation and utilization.
Adaptive, closed loop transmit power control can be implemented to further reduce unnecessary power usage.
BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY
What is Bluetooth?
“Bluetooth wireless technology is an open specification for a low-cost, low-power, short-range radio technology for ad-hoc wireless communication of voice and data anywhere in the world.”
Ultimate Headset
Cordless Computer
Bluetooth Goals & Vision
Originally conceived as a cable replacement technology
Short-Range Wireless Solutions
Open Specification
Voice and Data Capability
Worldwide Usability
Other usage models began to develop:
Personal Area Network (PAN)
Ad-hoc networks
Data/voice access points
Wireless telematics
Overview of Bluetooth History
What is Bluetooth?
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communications technology.
Why this name?
It was taken from the 10th century Danish King Harald Blatand who unified Denmark and Norway.
When does it appear?
1994 – Ericsson study on a wireless technology to page link mobile phones & accessories.
5 companies joined to form the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) in 1998.
First specification released in July 1999.
Timeline
1994 : Ericsson study complete / vision
1995 : Engineering work begins
1997 : Intel agrees to collaborate
1998 : Bluetooth SIG formed: Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia & Toshiba
1999 : Bluetooth Specification 1.0A
SIG promoter group expanded: 3Com, Lucent, Microsoft & Motorola
2000 : Bluetooth Specification 1.0B, 2000+ adopters
2001 : First retail products released, Specification 1.1
2003 : Bluetooth Specification 1.2
2005 : Bluetooth Specification 2.0 (?)
Special Interest Group
Technical features
Bluetooth FHSS
Employs frequency hopping spread spectrum
Reduce interference with other devices
Pseudorandom hopping
1600 hops/sec- time slot is defined as 625 microseconds
Packet 1-5 time slots long
Time-Division Duplex Scheme
Channel is divided into consecutive slots (each 625 s)
One packet can be transmitted per slot
Subsequent slots are alternatively used for transmitting and receiving
Strict alternation of slots between the master and the slaves
Master can send packets to a slave only in EVEN slots
Slave can send packets to the master only in the ODD slots
Classification
Typical Bluetooth Scenario
Bluetooth will support wireless point-to-point and point-to-multipoint (broadcast) between devices in a piconet.
Point to Point Link
Master - slave relationship
Bluetooth devices can function as masters or slaves
Piconet
It is the network formed by a Master and one or more slaves (max 7)
Each piconet is defined by a different hopping channel to which users synchronize to
Each piconet has max capacity (1 Mbps)
Piconet Structure
Ad-hoc Network – the Scatternet
Inter-piconet communication
Up to 10 piconets in a scatternet
Multiple piconets can operate within same physical space
This is an ad-hoc, peer to peer (P2P) network
Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Baseband
Addressing
Bluetooth device address (BD_ADDR)
48 bit IEEE MAC address
Active Member address (AM_ADDR)
3 bits active slave address
all zero broadcast address
Parked Member address (PM_ADDR)
8 bit parked slave address
This MAC address is split into three parts
The Non-significant Address Part (NAP)
Used for encryption seed
The Upper Address part (UAP)
Used for error correction seed initialization & FH sequence generation
The Lower Address Part (LAP)
Used for FH sequence generation
Packet Structure
Connection State Machine
Channel Establishment
There are two managed situations
A device knows the parameters of the other
It follows paging process
No knowledge about the other
Then it follows inquiring & paging process
Two main states and sub-states
Standby (no interaction)
Connection (working)
Seven more sub-states for attaching slaves & connection establishment
Channel Establishment (contd.)
Seven sub-states
Inquiry
Inquiry scan
Inquiry response
Page
Page scan
Master response
Slave response
Link Manager Protocol
Link Manager Protocol
The Link Manager carries out page link setup, authentication & page link configuration.
Channel Control
All the work related to the channel control is managed by the master
The master uses polling process for this
The master is the first device which starts the connection
This roles can change (master-slave role switch)
L2CAP
Service provided to the higher layer:
L2CAP provides connection-oriented and connectionless data services to upper layer protocols
Protocol multiplexing and demultiplexing capabilities
Segmentation & reassembly of large packets
L2CAP permits higher level protocols and applications to transmit and receive L2CAP data packets up to 64 kilobytes in length.
Middleware Protocol Group
Middleware Protocol Group (contd.)
Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)
Means for applications to discover device info, services and its characteristics.
TCP/IP
Network Protocols for packet data communication, routing.
RFCOMM
Cable replacement protocol, emulation of serial ports over wireless network.
IP Over Bluetooth
IP over Bluetooth v 1.0
IP Over Bluetooth
IP over Bluetooth v 1.1
File Transfer Profile
Headset Profile
Core Bluetooth Products
Notebook PCs & Desktop computers
Printers
PDAs
Other handheld devices
Cell phones
Wireless peripherals:
Headsets
Cameras
Other Products…
2004 Toyota Prius & Lexus LS 430
hands free calls
Digital Pulse Oximetry System
Toshiba Washer & Dryer
Nokia N-gage
Security
Security Measures
Link Level Encryption & Authentication.
Personal Identification Numbers (PIN) for device access.
Long encryption keys are used (128 bit keys).
These keys are not transmitted over wireless. Other parameters are transmitted over wireless which in combination with certain information known to the device, can generate the keys.
Further encryption can be done at the application layer.
A Comparison
Bluetooth vs. IrD
Bluetooth
Point to Multipoint
Data & Voice
Easier Synchronization due to omni-directional and no LOS requirement
Devices can be mobile
Range 10 m
Bluetooth: Today & Tomorrow
Will Bluetooth become a household name?
Future of Bluetooth
Success of Bluetooth depends on how well it is integrated into consumer products
Consumers are more interested in applications than the technology
Bluetooth must be successfully integrated into consumer products
Must provide benefits for consumer
Must not destroy current product benefits
Key Success Factors
Interoperability
Mass Production at Low Cost
Ease of Use
End User Experience
Summary
A new global standard for data and voice
Eliminate Cables
Low Power, Low range, Low Cost network devices
Future Improvements
Master-Slave relationship can be adjusted dynamically for optimal resource allocation and utilization.
Adaptive, closed loop transmit power control can be implemented to further reduce unnecessary power usage.
