21-03-2011, 11:24 AM
presented by:
K. LINGAMAIAH
[attachment=10644]
introduction
With increase in demand in energy and deficient in power generation, the cost of power is going to increase manifold. This will worsen the cost of lining if new technology energy efficient fittings and machines are consuming more power. The energy savings can be accomplished by efficient use of power and judiciously employing energy management programmers.
Energy Audit like, a financial audit is a systematic and scientific process to identify the potential for improvements in energy efficiency, to recommend the ways, with or without financial investment, to achieve estimated savings in energy and energy cost.
This requires collection &analysis of existing energy usage data, careful study of existing equipment and the process and then suggesting practical& economic ways for saving energy &energy cost.
The greatest malady that has plagued power supply utilities is the scourge of transmission and distribution losses. Although the menace of transmission & distribution losses in a power system in inevitable, yet these need to be continuously monitored and mitigated to reasonable limits. Transmission & Distribution losses in power system account for the energy lost in transit from the sending end to the receiving end.
In the present era, more generation of power is not sufficient; the prime concern is how we make power available to the consumer that is reliable and at affordable cost. Any changes in the power sector right from generation to transmission to distribution to the consumer should focus on the customer...
An ideal way of identifying energy saving opportunities in your business is to conduct an energy audit. An energy audit is a fundamental part of any energy management program, which wishes to control its energy costs. Energy audits can be considered as a first step under standing how energy is being used in a given facility. It indicates the ways in which different forms of energy are being used and quantifies energy use according to discrete functions .The energy audit is a balance sheet of energy inputs and outputs
The aim of energy audit is to obtain a simple, but comprehensive photograph of the overall energy flow situation within a declared system boundary, which may be a building, a factory, or a product lane or an agricultural sector. This picture aids comprehension of the total overall system activity, reveals inter-relations and allows priorities to be identified. It high lights major areas where inefficiencies or waste occurs and allows economic estimates, leading to fully reasoned investment decisions, to be considered.
The energy audit enables analyzing the data in meaningful manner to evolve measure to introduce checks and balances in the system.
NECESSITY
Auditing of energy in electrical under taking has become increasingly important in view of
• Large energy shortages, mismatches in Demand and supply in all Sibs.
• Very low sales & high T&D loss levels requiring identification of areas of rampant pilferage and malpractices, due to organizational deficiencies.
• Deteriorating financial position, shortage of funds for system improvement.
• Improving the efficiency of functioning of the power system as also the personnel in the organization at each level.
• Analysis of expenditure/investment Vs revenue.
Energy audit is carried out with the following objectives-
• Review and up gradation of procedure for energy accounting i.e., losses at various levels.
• Review of technical efficiency of system elements in ST&D system by identification of areas of technical & non technical losses.
• Suggest remedial action to reduce the losses by various methods of system improvement, conservation of energy, and load management, curbing pilferage &plugging up leakages.
• Review of performance of equipment, meters and distribution transformers etc.
• Analysis of the techniques for measuring energy received, energy billed and revenue.
• To clearly audit the segregation of technical and non-technical losses.
• Establishment of norms for checking the consumption of various categories of consumers and overall energy balance.
The work undertaken during an audit may include:
• Investigating the usage of all types of energy consumed and energy using equipment within the building, complex or plant.
• Identifying the energy usage of all major heating and cooling applications and its percentage against total energy use.
• Identifying cost-effective measures to improve the efficiency of energy use.
• Estimating the potential energy savings, indicative budget costs and payback periods.
• Reviewing energy management strategies, including monitoring systems & evaluation process.
The underlying current for the above mentioned activities i.e., to get over all picture of energy availability and its use is to conduct proper accounting.
The energy accounting gives the overall picture of energy availability and its use. Energy accounting involves preparation of energy accounts of the energy flow to various segments of sub-transmission and distribution system and supply to various categories of consumers and how it has been consumed out of total available quantum over a specified period. Preparation of electrical network database and documentation and consolidation of consumer details would be the first step in energy accounting. In the area of energy accounting, network metering and consumer metering system should be reviewed and working, non-working, defective un-metered supply etc., should be documented for taking corrective measures. It involves preparation of accounts of the energy flow to various segments and various categories of consumers and how it has been consumed out of total available quantum over a specified time period.
• Preparing an energy account on each feeder to record the quantum of energy received and the quantum of energy supplied and billed to various categories of consumers.
• Identifying areas where billing if revenue collection does not commensurate with energy supplied.
• Improvement in metering, billing and revenue collection.
• Study & analysis of the energy accounts to identify high loss areas.
• Segregation of energy losses in to technical losses and non-technical/commercial losses.
• Identification of areas of high technical losses vis-à-vis normal system losses.
• Identify remedial steps for reduction of both technical and commercial losses.
• Constantly review, at least on a monthly basis, the progress made in regard to the remedial action already initiated earlier.
The energy accounting is related to responsibility structure of SEB. Each junior engineer has to be entrusted with responsibility of covering an 11KV feeder(s), which could be feeding supply to number of consumers. He would be responsible to account for the energy received by the feeder and proper billing of their connected consumers. Each consumer should be identified with the Distribution transformer through which he is fed, and then each distribution transformer would be identified with the feeder on which the transformer is installed.
In turn, each 11kv feeder would be identified with the 33/11KV substation from which feeder emanates and electric supply is received. The consumer mapping is to be done by allotting a "code no." to each consumer, which would be his "technical address" on the energy bill. The bill should also include the identification of meter reader and application tariffs.
Computerized billing software placed at division level should be designed to capture the concept of tracking the consumers to the electrical network and meter reader. Management information system reports of each feeder have to be generated through suitable financial energy management system software package developed to meet specific needs of circle.
Proper and accurate precision meters and metering system is essential for effective and correct energy accounting
Realizing the importance of metering in establishing the energy accounting and improved billing and revenue collection, it was decided at the government of India level in Feb 2000 to have time-bound program for 100% metering up to consumer level by December, 2001.Subsequently, in the meeting conducted by the minister of power on May 23, 2000, it was agreed to implement the program in two phases-(i) To 11kv level &H.T. consumers by mar 2001(ii) consumer level by Dec 2001.
The metering plan for an effective energy accounting system should cover the input points of the circle and identify receiving and transfer points at different voltage levels to ultimately enable measurement of energy input to a 11kv feeder and thereafter to the ultimate consumers.
The consumer metering should be tamper proof and appropriate accuracy class meters should be deployed for different categories of consumers:
(i)Industrial consumers: Electronic meters of accuracy class 0.2to 1.0 are recommended for replacing the electro-mechanical meters.
(ii)Use of electronic TOD (time of day) maximum demand meters (M D): The electro mechanical MD meters should be replaced with electronic MD meters, since MD reset operation in electro-mechanical meters involves human interaction. This operation provides scope for manipulations .The electronic meters with auto MD resets facility are also capable of computing cumulative maximum demand provide solution for prevention of such manipulations.
K. LINGAMAIAH
[attachment=10644]
introduction
With increase in demand in energy and deficient in power generation, the cost of power is going to increase manifold. This will worsen the cost of lining if new technology energy efficient fittings and machines are consuming more power. The energy savings can be accomplished by efficient use of power and judiciously employing energy management programmers.
Energy Audit like, a financial audit is a systematic and scientific process to identify the potential for improvements in energy efficiency, to recommend the ways, with or without financial investment, to achieve estimated savings in energy and energy cost.
This requires collection &analysis of existing energy usage data, careful study of existing equipment and the process and then suggesting practical& economic ways for saving energy &energy cost.
The greatest malady that has plagued power supply utilities is the scourge of transmission and distribution losses. Although the menace of transmission & distribution losses in a power system in inevitable, yet these need to be continuously monitored and mitigated to reasonable limits. Transmission & Distribution losses in power system account for the energy lost in transit from the sending end to the receiving end.
In the present era, more generation of power is not sufficient; the prime concern is how we make power available to the consumer that is reliable and at affordable cost. Any changes in the power sector right from generation to transmission to distribution to the consumer should focus on the customer...
An ideal way of identifying energy saving opportunities in your business is to conduct an energy audit. An energy audit is a fundamental part of any energy management program, which wishes to control its energy costs. Energy audits can be considered as a first step under standing how energy is being used in a given facility. It indicates the ways in which different forms of energy are being used and quantifies energy use according to discrete functions .The energy audit is a balance sheet of energy inputs and outputs
The aim of energy audit is to obtain a simple, but comprehensive photograph of the overall energy flow situation within a declared system boundary, which may be a building, a factory, or a product lane or an agricultural sector. This picture aids comprehension of the total overall system activity, reveals inter-relations and allows priorities to be identified. It high lights major areas where inefficiencies or waste occurs and allows economic estimates, leading to fully reasoned investment decisions, to be considered.
The energy audit enables analyzing the data in meaningful manner to evolve measure to introduce checks and balances in the system.
NECESSITY
Auditing of energy in electrical under taking has become increasingly important in view of
• Large energy shortages, mismatches in Demand and supply in all Sibs.
• Very low sales & high T&D loss levels requiring identification of areas of rampant pilferage and malpractices, due to organizational deficiencies.
• Deteriorating financial position, shortage of funds for system improvement.
• Improving the efficiency of functioning of the power system as also the personnel in the organization at each level.
• Analysis of expenditure/investment Vs revenue.
Energy audit is carried out with the following objectives-
• Review and up gradation of procedure for energy accounting i.e., losses at various levels.
• Review of technical efficiency of system elements in ST&D system by identification of areas of technical & non technical losses.
• Suggest remedial action to reduce the losses by various methods of system improvement, conservation of energy, and load management, curbing pilferage &plugging up leakages.
• Review of performance of equipment, meters and distribution transformers etc.
• Analysis of the techniques for measuring energy received, energy billed and revenue.
• To clearly audit the segregation of technical and non-technical losses.
• Establishment of norms for checking the consumption of various categories of consumers and overall energy balance.
The work undertaken during an audit may include:
• Investigating the usage of all types of energy consumed and energy using equipment within the building, complex or plant.
• Identifying the energy usage of all major heating and cooling applications and its percentage against total energy use.
• Identifying cost-effective measures to improve the efficiency of energy use.
• Estimating the potential energy savings, indicative budget costs and payback periods.
• Reviewing energy management strategies, including monitoring systems & evaluation process.
The underlying current for the above mentioned activities i.e., to get over all picture of energy availability and its use is to conduct proper accounting.
The energy accounting gives the overall picture of energy availability and its use. Energy accounting involves preparation of energy accounts of the energy flow to various segments of sub-transmission and distribution system and supply to various categories of consumers and how it has been consumed out of total available quantum over a specified period. Preparation of electrical network database and documentation and consolidation of consumer details would be the first step in energy accounting. In the area of energy accounting, network metering and consumer metering system should be reviewed and working, non-working, defective un-metered supply etc., should be documented for taking corrective measures. It involves preparation of accounts of the energy flow to various segments and various categories of consumers and how it has been consumed out of total available quantum over a specified time period.
• Preparing an energy account on each feeder to record the quantum of energy received and the quantum of energy supplied and billed to various categories of consumers.
• Identifying areas where billing if revenue collection does not commensurate with energy supplied.
• Improvement in metering, billing and revenue collection.
• Study & analysis of the energy accounts to identify high loss areas.
• Segregation of energy losses in to technical losses and non-technical/commercial losses.
• Identification of areas of high technical losses vis-à-vis normal system losses.
• Identify remedial steps for reduction of both technical and commercial losses.
• Constantly review, at least on a monthly basis, the progress made in regard to the remedial action already initiated earlier.
The energy accounting is related to responsibility structure of SEB. Each junior engineer has to be entrusted with responsibility of covering an 11KV feeder(s), which could be feeding supply to number of consumers. He would be responsible to account for the energy received by the feeder and proper billing of their connected consumers. Each consumer should be identified with the Distribution transformer through which he is fed, and then each distribution transformer would be identified with the feeder on which the transformer is installed.
In turn, each 11kv feeder would be identified with the 33/11KV substation from which feeder emanates and electric supply is received. The consumer mapping is to be done by allotting a "code no." to each consumer, which would be his "technical address" on the energy bill. The bill should also include the identification of meter reader and application tariffs.
Computerized billing software placed at division level should be designed to capture the concept of tracking the consumers to the electrical network and meter reader. Management information system reports of each feeder have to be generated through suitable financial energy management system software package developed to meet specific needs of circle.
Proper and accurate precision meters and metering system is essential for effective and correct energy accounting
Realizing the importance of metering in establishing the energy accounting and improved billing and revenue collection, it was decided at the government of India level in Feb 2000 to have time-bound program for 100% metering up to consumer level by December, 2001.Subsequently, in the meeting conducted by the minister of power on May 23, 2000, it was agreed to implement the program in two phases-(i) To 11kv level &H.T. consumers by mar 2001(ii) consumer level by Dec 2001.
The metering plan for an effective energy accounting system should cover the input points of the circle and identify receiving and transfer points at different voltage levels to ultimately enable measurement of energy input to a 11kv feeder and thereafter to the ultimate consumers.
The consumer metering should be tamper proof and appropriate accuracy class meters should be deployed for different categories of consumers:
(i)Industrial consumers: Electronic meters of accuracy class 0.2to 1.0 are recommended for replacing the electro-mechanical meters.
(ii)Use of electronic TOD (time of day) maximum demand meters (M D): The electro mechanical MD meters should be replaced with electronic MD meters, since MD reset operation in electro-mechanical meters involves human interaction. This operation provides scope for manipulations .The electronic meters with auto MD resets facility are also capable of computing cumulative maximum demand provide solution for prevention of such manipulations.
