03-04-2010, 09:15 PM
PAPER PRESENTATION ON GRID COMPUTING
Presented by:
1) KSHEERSAGAR GEETA 2) NALAWADE SWATI
Shivnagar Vidya Prasarak Mandalâ„¢s College Of Engineering
Malegaon (Bk.)
ABSTRACT
Grid computing can mean different things to different individuals. The grand vision is often presented as an analogy to power grids where users (or electrical appliances) get access to electricity through wall sockets with no care or consideration for where or how the electricity is actually generated. In this view of grid computing, computing becomes pervasive and individual users (or client Applications) gain access to computing resources (processors, storage, data, Applications, and so on) as needed with little or no knowledge of where those Resources are located or what the underlying technologies, hardware, operating system, and so on are.
Therefore, grid computing can be seen as a journey along a path of integrating various technologies and solutions that move us closer to the final goal. Itâ„¢s key Values are in the underlying distributed computing infrastructure technologies that are evolving in support of cross-organizational application and resource sharingâ€in a word, virtualizationâ€virtualization across technologies, platforms, and organizations. This kind of virtualization is only achievable through the use of open standards. Open standards help ensure that applications can transparently take advantage of whatever appropriate resources can be made available to them.
CONTENTS:
1) Background ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦ 4
2) What is it ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦. 4
3) Who is doing it ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦ 5
4) How does it work ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦. 5
5) Why is it significant ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦.. 7
6) Where is it going ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦.. 8
7) What are the downsides ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦ 8
8) What are the applications ¦¦¦¦¦¦ 8
9) Conclusion ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦ 9
10) References ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦..10
Background
Increased network bandwidth, more powerful computers, and the acceptance of the Internet have driven the on-going demand for new and better ways to compute. Commercial enterprises, academic institutions, and research organizations continue to take advantage of these advancements, and constantly seek new technologies and practices that enable them to seek new ways to conduct business. However, many challenges remain. Increasing pressure on development and research costs, faster time-to-market, greater throughput, and improved quality and innovation are always foremost in the minds of administrators - while computational needs are outpacing the ability of organizations to deploy sufficient resources to meet growing workload demands.
On top of these challenges is the need to handle dynamically changing workloads. The truth is, flexibility is key. In a world with rapidly changing markets, both research institutions and enterprises need to quickly provide compute power where it is needed most. Indeed, if systems could be dynamically created when they are needed, teams could harness these resources to increase innovation and better achieve their objectives.
What is it
Computing grids are conceptually not unlike electrical grids. In an electrical grid, wall outlets allow us to page link to an infrastructure of resources that generate, distribute, and bill for electricity. When you connect to the electrical grid, you donâ„¢t need to know where the power plant is or how the current gets to you. Grid computing uses middleware to coordinate disparate IT resources across a network, allowing them to function as a virtual whole. The goal of a computing grid, like that of the electrical grid, is to provide users with access to the resources they need, when they need them.
Grids address two distinct but related goals: providing remote access to IT assets, and aggregating processing power.
The most obvious resource included in a grid is a processor, but grids also encompass sensors, data-storage systems, applications, and other resources. One of the first commonly known grid initiatives was the SETI@home project, which solicited several million volunteers to download a screensaver that used idle processor capacity to analyze data in the search for extraterrestrial life. In a more recent example, the
Telescience Project provides remote access to an extremely powerful electron microscope at the National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research in San Diego. Users of the grid can remotely operate the microscope, allowing new levels of Access to the instrument and its capabilities.
Who is doing it
Many grids are appearing in the sciences, in fields such as chemistry,
Physics, and genetics, and cryptologists and mathematicians
Have also begun working with grid computing. Grid technology has
The potential to significantly impact other areas of study with heavy
computational requirements, such as urban planning. Another important area for the technology is animation, which requires massive amounts of computational power and is a common tool in a growing number of disciplines. By making resources available to students, these communities are able to effectively model authentic disciplinary practices.
How does it work
Grids use a layer of middleware to communicate with and manipulate
heterogeneous hardware and data sets. In some fieldsâ€astronomy, for exampleâ€hardware cannot reasonably be moved and is prohibitively expensive to replicate on other sites. In other instances, databases vital to research projects cannot be duplicated and transferred to other sites. Grids overcome these logistical obstacles and open the tools of research to distant faculty and students.
A grid might coordinate scientific instruments in one country
With a database in another and processors in a third. From a userâ„¢s
Perspective, these resources function as a single system differences in platform and location become invisible. On a typical college or university campus, many computers sit idle much of the time.
A grid can provide significant processing power for users with extraordinary needs. Animation software, for instance, which is used by students in the arts, architecture, and other departments, eats up vast amounts of processor capacity.
An industrial design class might use resource-intensive software to render highly detailed three-dimensional images. In both cases, a campus grid slashes the amount of time it takes students to work with
these applications. All of this happens not from additional capacity but through the efficient use of existing power.
Grid computing operates on these basic technology principles:
¢ Standardization “ IT departments have enjoyed much greater interoperability and reduced systems management overhead by standardizing operating systems, server and storage hardware, middleware components and
network components in their procurement activities.
This helps to reduce operational complexity in the data center by simplifying application deployment, configuration and integration.
¢ Virtualization “ virtualization abstracts underlying IT resources, enabling much greater flexibility in how they are used. Virtualized IT resources means that applications are not tied to specific server, storage and network components. Applications are able to use any virtualized IT resource. Virtualization is accomplished through a sophisticated software layer that hides the underlying complexity of IT resources and presents a simplified, coherent interface to be used by applications or other IT resources.
On-demand Provisioning - IT resources must be easily provisioned, meaning allocated, configured and maintained by grid management tools.
As different parts of the system require additional computing power, such as when many new users are added, IT professionals need the ability to quickly and accurately establish user accounts and security privileges and allocate storage and computing capacity. In grid computing, powerful provisioning and resource management software determines how to meet the specific needs of users, while optimizing performance of the system as
a whole.
¢ Automation “ virtualization and provisioning can only be accomplished with large scale automation of IT operations such as system installation, patching, server cloning, workload management, user account creation and so on. In years past, IT staff created some of this automation through custom programs and scripts, but many have discovered that this does not
scale effectively. Out-of-the-box management automation from system Standardize hardware and software components to reduce the risk of costly incompatibility and integration issues Virtualizes
¢ Infrastructure Resources:
Pool hardware and systems software into a single virtual resource.
Provision Infrastructure Resources:
Allocate capacity on demand based on policies to meet individual needs and optimize the system as a whole.
Oracle Grid Computing Page 4
providers such as Oracle can significantly boost productivity of system administrators.
¢ Real-time and Predictive Monitoring “ with the growing scale and complexity of data center implementations, IT departments can no longer afford to work reactively to potential problems as they arise. IT professionals need increasingly sophisticated tools to monitor a vast number of systems in real time and predict problems before they occur.
Grid computing relies on policy-based monitoring and management of quality-of-service thresholds and top down applications management.
This enables IT staff to quickly identify the root cause of a problem or potential problem from the lowest level hardware issues through the database, middleware and user interface tiers.
Why is it significant
Grids make research projects possible that formerly were impractical or unfeasible due to the physical location of vital resources.
Using a grid, researchers in Great Britain, for example, can conduct research that relies on databases across Europe, instrumentation in Japan, and computational power in the United States. Making resources available in this way exposes students to the tools of the profession, facilitating new possibilities for research and instruction, particularly at the undergraduate level.
Although speeds and capacities of processors continue to increase,
Resource-intensive applications are proliferating as well. At many institutions, certain campus users face ongoing shortages of computational power, even as large numbers of computers are underused. With grids, programs previously hindered by constraints on computing power become possible.
Grid computing appears to be a promising trend for three reasons:
1) Its ability to make more cost-effective use of a given amount of computer resources,
2) As a way to solve problems that can't be approached without an enormous amount of computing power, and
3) Because it suggests that the resources of many computers can be cooperatively and perhaps synergistically harnessed and managed as collaboration toward a common objective. In some grid computing systems, the computers may collaborate rather than being directed by one managing computer. One likely area for the use of grid computing will be pervasive computing applications - those in which computers pervade our environment without our necessary awareness.
What are the downsides
Being able to access distant IT assetsâ€and have them function seamlessly with tools on different platformsâ€can be a boon to
Researchers, but it presents real security concerns to organizations responsible for those resources. An institution that makes its IT assets available to researchers or students on other campuses and in other countries must be confident that its involvement does not expose those assets to unnecessary risks. Similarly, directors of research projects will be reluctant to take advantage of the opportunities of a grid without assurances that the integrity of the project, its data, and its participants will be protected.
Another challenge facing grids is the complexity in building middleware structures that can knit together collections of resources to work as a unit across network connections that often span oceans and continents. Scheduling the availability of IT resources connected to a grid can also present new challenges to organizations that manage those resources. Increasing standardization of protocols addresses some of the difficulty in creating smoothly functioning grids, but, by their nature, grids that can provide unprecedented access to facilities and tools involve a high level of complexity.
Where is it going
Because the number of functioning grids is relatively small, it may take time for the higher education community to capitalize on the opportunities that grids can provide and the feasibility of such projects.
As the number and capacity of high-speed networks increase, however, particularly those catering to the research community and higher education, new opportunities will arise to combine IT assets in ways that expose students to the tools and applications relevant to their studies and to dramatically reduce the amount of time required to process data-intensive jobs. Further, as grids become more widespread and easier to use, increasing numbers and kinds of IT resources will be included on grids. We may also start to see more grid tie-ins for desktop applications. While there are obvious advantages to solving a complex genetic problem using grid computing, being able to harness spare computing cycles to manipulate an image in Photoshop or create a virtual world in a simulation may be some of the first implementations of grids.
What are the applications
Higher education stands to reap significant benefits from grid computing by creating environments that expose students to the tools of the trade in a wide range of disciplines. Rather than using mock or historical data from an observatory in South America, for example, a grid could let students on other continents actually use those facilities and collect their own data. Learning experiences become far richer, providing opportunities that otherwise would be impossible or would require travel. The access that grid computing offers to particular resources can allow institutions to deepen, and in some cases broaden, the scope of their educational programs.
Grid computing encourages partnerships among higher education institutions and research centers. Because they bring together unique tools in novel groupings, grids have the potential to incorporate technology into disciplines with traditionally lower involvement with IT, including the humanities, social sciences, and the arts. Grids can leverage previous investments in hardware and infrastructure to provide processing power and other technology capabilities to campus constituents who need them. This reallocation of institutional resources is especially beneficial for applications with high demands for processing and storage, such as modeling, animations, digital video production, or biomedical studies.
The applications of grid computing are:
1) Information technology :
Improve the asset optimization, quickly respond to various demands.
2) Business value :
Improve the operating efficiency, reduces capital expenses, and accelerates business processes.
3) Learning and teaching :
Higher education stands to reap significant benefits from grid computing by creating environments that expose students to the tools of the trade in a wide range of disciplines.
Thus, grid computing in 2003 introduced a state of the art methodology and a set of new database and middleware capabilities that have helped evolve the way IT departments operate.
CONCLUSION
The Grid -- the IT infrastructure of the future -- promises to transform computation, communication, and collaboration. Over time, these will be seen in the context of grids -- academic grids, enterprise grids, research grids, entertainment grids, community grids, and so on. Grids will become service-driven with lightweight clients accessing computing resources over the Internet. Datacenters will be safe, reliable, and available from anywhere in the world. Applications will be part of a wide spectrum of network-delivered services that include compute cycles, data processing tools, accounting and monitoring, and more.
¢ Grid computing and related technologies will only be adopted by commercial users if they are confident that their data and privacy can be adequately protected and that the Grid will be at least as scaleable, robust and reliable as their own in-house IT systems. Thus, new Internet technologies and standards such as IPv6 take on even greater importance. Needless to say, users of the Grid want easy, affordable, ubiquitous, broadband access to the Internet.
¢ Similar to the public policy issues raised by the development of electronic commerce and electronic government, Grids raise a number of
public policy issues: data privacy, information and cyber security, liability, antitrust, intellectual property, access, taxes, tariffs, as well as usage for education, government, and regional development.
¢ WITSA continues to address public policy issues likely to affect the future development and deployment of the Grid. WITSA works with governments and international organizations to ensure that appropriate government policies address legitimate concerns of users in such a way as to facilitate rather than hinder technological developments of the Grid.
References
1) educause.edu/eli
2)http://adarshpatilnewsite/research.htm
3)Grid computing : a practical guide to technology and applications
4) http://sungrid
5) http://ibmredbook
Presented by:
1) KSHEERSAGAR GEETA 2) NALAWADE SWATI
Shivnagar Vidya Prasarak Mandalâ„¢s College Of Engineering
Malegaon (Bk.)
ABSTRACT
Grid computing can mean different things to different individuals. The grand vision is often presented as an analogy to power grids where users (or electrical appliances) get access to electricity through wall sockets with no care or consideration for where or how the electricity is actually generated. In this view of grid computing, computing becomes pervasive and individual users (or client Applications) gain access to computing resources (processors, storage, data, Applications, and so on) as needed with little or no knowledge of where those Resources are located or what the underlying technologies, hardware, operating system, and so on are.
Therefore, grid computing can be seen as a journey along a path of integrating various technologies and solutions that move us closer to the final goal. Itâ„¢s key Values are in the underlying distributed computing infrastructure technologies that are evolving in support of cross-organizational application and resource sharingâ€in a word, virtualizationâ€virtualization across technologies, platforms, and organizations. This kind of virtualization is only achievable through the use of open standards. Open standards help ensure that applications can transparently take advantage of whatever appropriate resources can be made available to them.
CONTENTS:
1) Background ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦ 4
2) What is it ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦. 4
3) Who is doing it ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦ 5
4) How does it work ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦. 5
5) Why is it significant ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦.. 7
6) Where is it going ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦.. 8
7) What are the downsides ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦ 8
8) What are the applications ¦¦¦¦¦¦ 8
9) Conclusion ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦ 9
10) References ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦..10
Background
Increased network bandwidth, more powerful computers, and the acceptance of the Internet have driven the on-going demand for new and better ways to compute. Commercial enterprises, academic institutions, and research organizations continue to take advantage of these advancements, and constantly seek new technologies and practices that enable them to seek new ways to conduct business. However, many challenges remain. Increasing pressure on development and research costs, faster time-to-market, greater throughput, and improved quality and innovation are always foremost in the minds of administrators - while computational needs are outpacing the ability of organizations to deploy sufficient resources to meet growing workload demands.
On top of these challenges is the need to handle dynamically changing workloads. The truth is, flexibility is key. In a world with rapidly changing markets, both research institutions and enterprises need to quickly provide compute power where it is needed most. Indeed, if systems could be dynamically created when they are needed, teams could harness these resources to increase innovation and better achieve their objectives.
What is it
Computing grids are conceptually not unlike electrical grids. In an electrical grid, wall outlets allow us to page link to an infrastructure of resources that generate, distribute, and bill for electricity. When you connect to the electrical grid, you donâ„¢t need to know where the power plant is or how the current gets to you. Grid computing uses middleware to coordinate disparate IT resources across a network, allowing them to function as a virtual whole. The goal of a computing grid, like that of the electrical grid, is to provide users with access to the resources they need, when they need them.
Grids address two distinct but related goals: providing remote access to IT assets, and aggregating processing power.
The most obvious resource included in a grid is a processor, but grids also encompass sensors, data-storage systems, applications, and other resources. One of the first commonly known grid initiatives was the SETI@home project, which solicited several million volunteers to download a screensaver that used idle processor capacity to analyze data in the search for extraterrestrial life. In a more recent example, the
Telescience Project provides remote access to an extremely powerful electron microscope at the National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research in San Diego. Users of the grid can remotely operate the microscope, allowing new levels of Access to the instrument and its capabilities.
Who is doing it
Many grids are appearing in the sciences, in fields such as chemistry,
Physics, and genetics, and cryptologists and mathematicians
Have also begun working with grid computing. Grid technology has
The potential to significantly impact other areas of study with heavy
computational requirements, such as urban planning. Another important area for the technology is animation, which requires massive amounts of computational power and is a common tool in a growing number of disciplines. By making resources available to students, these communities are able to effectively model authentic disciplinary practices.
How does it work
Grids use a layer of middleware to communicate with and manipulate
heterogeneous hardware and data sets. In some fieldsâ€astronomy, for exampleâ€hardware cannot reasonably be moved and is prohibitively expensive to replicate on other sites. In other instances, databases vital to research projects cannot be duplicated and transferred to other sites. Grids overcome these logistical obstacles and open the tools of research to distant faculty and students.
A grid might coordinate scientific instruments in one country
With a database in another and processors in a third. From a userâ„¢s
Perspective, these resources function as a single system differences in platform and location become invisible. On a typical college or university campus, many computers sit idle much of the time.
A grid can provide significant processing power for users with extraordinary needs. Animation software, for instance, which is used by students in the arts, architecture, and other departments, eats up vast amounts of processor capacity.
An industrial design class might use resource-intensive software to render highly detailed three-dimensional images. In both cases, a campus grid slashes the amount of time it takes students to work with
these applications. All of this happens not from additional capacity but through the efficient use of existing power.
Grid computing operates on these basic technology principles:
¢ Standardization “ IT departments have enjoyed much greater interoperability and reduced systems management overhead by standardizing operating systems, server and storage hardware, middleware components and
network components in their procurement activities.
This helps to reduce operational complexity in the data center by simplifying application deployment, configuration and integration.
¢ Virtualization “ virtualization abstracts underlying IT resources, enabling much greater flexibility in how they are used. Virtualized IT resources means that applications are not tied to specific server, storage and network components. Applications are able to use any virtualized IT resource. Virtualization is accomplished through a sophisticated software layer that hides the underlying complexity of IT resources and presents a simplified, coherent interface to be used by applications or other IT resources.
On-demand Provisioning - IT resources must be easily provisioned, meaning allocated, configured and maintained by grid management tools.
As different parts of the system require additional computing power, such as when many new users are added, IT professionals need the ability to quickly and accurately establish user accounts and security privileges and allocate storage and computing capacity. In grid computing, powerful provisioning and resource management software determines how to meet the specific needs of users, while optimizing performance of the system as
a whole.
¢ Automation “ virtualization and provisioning can only be accomplished with large scale automation of IT operations such as system installation, patching, server cloning, workload management, user account creation and so on. In years past, IT staff created some of this automation through custom programs and scripts, but many have discovered that this does not
scale effectively. Out-of-the-box management automation from system Standardize hardware and software components to reduce the risk of costly incompatibility and integration issues Virtualizes
¢ Infrastructure Resources:
Pool hardware and systems software into a single virtual resource.
Provision Infrastructure Resources:
Allocate capacity on demand based on policies to meet individual needs and optimize the system as a whole.
Oracle Grid Computing Page 4
providers such as Oracle can significantly boost productivity of system administrators.
¢ Real-time and Predictive Monitoring “ with the growing scale and complexity of data center implementations, IT departments can no longer afford to work reactively to potential problems as they arise. IT professionals need increasingly sophisticated tools to monitor a vast number of systems in real time and predict problems before they occur.
Grid computing relies on policy-based monitoring and management of quality-of-service thresholds and top down applications management.
This enables IT staff to quickly identify the root cause of a problem or potential problem from the lowest level hardware issues through the database, middleware and user interface tiers.
Why is it significant
Grids make research projects possible that formerly were impractical or unfeasible due to the physical location of vital resources.
Using a grid, researchers in Great Britain, for example, can conduct research that relies on databases across Europe, instrumentation in Japan, and computational power in the United States. Making resources available in this way exposes students to the tools of the profession, facilitating new possibilities for research and instruction, particularly at the undergraduate level.
Although speeds and capacities of processors continue to increase,
Resource-intensive applications are proliferating as well. At many institutions, certain campus users face ongoing shortages of computational power, even as large numbers of computers are underused. With grids, programs previously hindered by constraints on computing power become possible.
Grid computing appears to be a promising trend for three reasons:
1) Its ability to make more cost-effective use of a given amount of computer resources,
2) As a way to solve problems that can't be approached without an enormous amount of computing power, and
3) Because it suggests that the resources of many computers can be cooperatively and perhaps synergistically harnessed and managed as collaboration toward a common objective. In some grid computing systems, the computers may collaborate rather than being directed by one managing computer. One likely area for the use of grid computing will be pervasive computing applications - those in which computers pervade our environment without our necessary awareness.
What are the downsides
Being able to access distant IT assetsâ€and have them function seamlessly with tools on different platformsâ€can be a boon to
Researchers, but it presents real security concerns to organizations responsible for those resources. An institution that makes its IT assets available to researchers or students on other campuses and in other countries must be confident that its involvement does not expose those assets to unnecessary risks. Similarly, directors of research projects will be reluctant to take advantage of the opportunities of a grid without assurances that the integrity of the project, its data, and its participants will be protected.
Another challenge facing grids is the complexity in building middleware structures that can knit together collections of resources to work as a unit across network connections that often span oceans and continents. Scheduling the availability of IT resources connected to a grid can also present new challenges to organizations that manage those resources. Increasing standardization of protocols addresses some of the difficulty in creating smoothly functioning grids, but, by their nature, grids that can provide unprecedented access to facilities and tools involve a high level of complexity.
Where is it going
Because the number of functioning grids is relatively small, it may take time for the higher education community to capitalize on the opportunities that grids can provide and the feasibility of such projects.
As the number and capacity of high-speed networks increase, however, particularly those catering to the research community and higher education, new opportunities will arise to combine IT assets in ways that expose students to the tools and applications relevant to their studies and to dramatically reduce the amount of time required to process data-intensive jobs. Further, as grids become more widespread and easier to use, increasing numbers and kinds of IT resources will be included on grids. We may also start to see more grid tie-ins for desktop applications. While there are obvious advantages to solving a complex genetic problem using grid computing, being able to harness spare computing cycles to manipulate an image in Photoshop or create a virtual world in a simulation may be some of the first implementations of grids.
What are the applications
Higher education stands to reap significant benefits from grid computing by creating environments that expose students to the tools of the trade in a wide range of disciplines. Rather than using mock or historical data from an observatory in South America, for example, a grid could let students on other continents actually use those facilities and collect their own data. Learning experiences become far richer, providing opportunities that otherwise would be impossible or would require travel. The access that grid computing offers to particular resources can allow institutions to deepen, and in some cases broaden, the scope of their educational programs.
Grid computing encourages partnerships among higher education institutions and research centers. Because they bring together unique tools in novel groupings, grids have the potential to incorporate technology into disciplines with traditionally lower involvement with IT, including the humanities, social sciences, and the arts. Grids can leverage previous investments in hardware and infrastructure to provide processing power and other technology capabilities to campus constituents who need them. This reallocation of institutional resources is especially beneficial for applications with high demands for processing and storage, such as modeling, animations, digital video production, or biomedical studies.
The applications of grid computing are:
1) Information technology :
Improve the asset optimization, quickly respond to various demands.
2) Business value :
Improve the operating efficiency, reduces capital expenses, and accelerates business processes.
3) Learning and teaching :
Higher education stands to reap significant benefits from grid computing by creating environments that expose students to the tools of the trade in a wide range of disciplines.
Thus, grid computing in 2003 introduced a state of the art methodology and a set of new database and middleware capabilities that have helped evolve the way IT departments operate.
CONCLUSION
The Grid -- the IT infrastructure of the future -- promises to transform computation, communication, and collaboration. Over time, these will be seen in the context of grids -- academic grids, enterprise grids, research grids, entertainment grids, community grids, and so on. Grids will become service-driven with lightweight clients accessing computing resources over the Internet. Datacenters will be safe, reliable, and available from anywhere in the world. Applications will be part of a wide spectrum of network-delivered services that include compute cycles, data processing tools, accounting and monitoring, and more.
¢ Grid computing and related technologies will only be adopted by commercial users if they are confident that their data and privacy can be adequately protected and that the Grid will be at least as scaleable, robust and reliable as their own in-house IT systems. Thus, new Internet technologies and standards such as IPv6 take on even greater importance. Needless to say, users of the Grid want easy, affordable, ubiquitous, broadband access to the Internet.
¢ Similar to the public policy issues raised by the development of electronic commerce and electronic government, Grids raise a number of
public policy issues: data privacy, information and cyber security, liability, antitrust, intellectual property, access, taxes, tariffs, as well as usage for education, government, and regional development.
¢ WITSA continues to address public policy issues likely to affect the future development and deployment of the Grid. WITSA works with governments and international organizations to ensure that appropriate government policies address legitimate concerns of users in such a way as to facilitate rather than hinder technological developments of the Grid.
References
1) educause.edu/eli
2)http://adarshpatilnewsite/research.htm
3)Grid computing : a practical guide to technology and applications
4) http://sungrid
5) http://ibmredbook
