Types of Distributed Computing


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UTILITY COMPUTING

Utility computing also known as on demand computing is the packaging of computing resources, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to physical public utility such as electricity, water, natural gas, or telephone network.
"Utility computing" usually envisions some form of virtualization so that the amount of storage or computing power available is considerably larger than that of a single time-sharing computer. Multiple servers are used on the "back end" to make this possible.

GRID COMPUTING

The term "grid computing" is often used to describe a particular form of distributed computing, where the supporting nodes are geographically distributed or cross administrative domains.
Computational grids (including CPU scavenging grids) which focuses primarily on computationally-intensive operations.
Data grids or the controlled sharing and management of large amounts of distributed data.
Equipment grids which have a primary piece of equipment e.g. a telescope, and where the surrounding Grid is used to control the equipment remotely and to analyze the data produced

TECHNOLOGY GROWTH

Traditional DC: a rigid or perhaps purpose built model with a low degree of automation. It may be too strong to say that this segment is declining, but it is not growing at the rate of other motions.
Virtualized/Consolidate: An extension of the Traditional model, but using virtualization as a means of consolidating and save cost. This is indicative of an organization that is continuing to keep abreast of some technological developments but still may not be on the growing edge of IT.
Virtualization for Agility: In an attempt to get the greatest return possible on IT investments, those who use virtualization as a means to rapidly change or evolve their IT in support of their changing business model will excel. 
Cloud Computing: This is the current focus using web services to focus on flexibility and OpEx. Cloud computing represents the greatest opportunity in the foreseeable future and may in fact become the basis for most modern IT services in the next few years. 

Cloud Computing -
Cloud computing is a computing paradigm shift where computing is moved away from personal computers or an individual application server to a “cloud” of computers. Users of the cloud only need to be concerned with the computing service being asked for, as the underlying details of how it is achieved are hidden. This method of distributed computing is done through pooling all computer resources together and being managed by software rather than a human.

The services being requested of a cloud are not limited to using web applications, but can also be IT management tasks such as requesting of systems, a software stack or a specific web appliance.

Grid Computing -
Multiple independent computing clusters which act like a “grid” because they are composed of resource nodes not located within a single administrative domain. (formal)
Offering online computation or storage as a metered commercial service, known as utility computing, computing on demand, or cloud computing.
The creation of a “virtual supercomputer” by using spare computing resources within an organization.

Utility Computing -
Conventional Internet hosting services have the capability to quickly arrange for the rental of individual servers, for example to provision a bank of web servers to accommodate a sudden surge in traffic to a web site.
“Utility computing” usually envisions some form of virtualization so that the amount of storage or computing power available is considerably larger than that of a single time-sharing computer. Multiple servers are used on the “back end” to make this possible. These might be a dedicated computer cluster specifically built for the purpose of being rented out, or even an under-utilized supercomputer. The technique of running a single calculation on multiple computers is known as distributed computing.

Distributed Computing -
A method of computer processing in which different parts of a program are run simultaneously on two or more computers that are communicating with each other over a network. Distributed computing is a type of segmented or parallel computing, but the latter term is most commonly used to refer to processing in which different parts of a program run simultaneously on two or more processors that are part of the same computer. While both types of processing require that a program be segmented—divided into sections that can run simultaneously, distributed computing also requires that the division of the program take into account the different environments on which the different sections of the program will be running. For example, two computers are likely to have different file systems and different hardware components.

Cluster Computing -
A computer cluster is a group of linked computers, working together closely so that in many respects they form a single computer. The components of a cluster are commonly, but not always, connected to each other through fast local area networks. Clusters are usually deployed to improve performance and/or availability over that provided by a single computer, while typically being much more cost-effective than single computers of comparable speed or availability.