thermal power generation full report
#1

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PREFACE

A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which either drives an electrical generator or does some other work, like ship propulsion. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle.

Almost all coal, nuclear, geothermal, solar thermal electric, and waste incineration plants, as well as many natural gas power plants are thermal. Natural gas is frequently combusted in gas turbines as well as boilers.
Commercial electric utility power stations are most usually constructed on a very large scale and designed for continuous operation. Electric power plants typically use three-phase or individual-phase electrical generators to produce alternating current (AC) electric power at a frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz (hertz, which is an AC sine wave per second) depending on its location in the world.




CONTENTS

1. Introduction¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦.02
2. Need For thermal power generation¦¦..04
3. Classification¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦..05
4. Basic definitions¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦.07
5. Functioning of thermal power plant¦¦...11
6. ADVANTAGES¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦...17
7. DISADVANTAGES¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦18
8. Future Prospects¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦19
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦21



CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Almost all coal, nuclear, geothermal, solar thermal electric, and waste incineration plants, as well as many natural gas power plants are thermal. Natural gas is frequently combusted in gas turbines as well as boilers. The waste heat from a gas turbine can be used to raise steam, in a combined cycle plant that improves overall efficiency. Power plants burning coal, oil, or natural gas are often referred to collectively as fossil-fuel power plants. Some biomass-fueled thermal power plants have appeared also. Non-nuclear thermal power plants, particularly fossil-fueled plants, which do not use cogeneration, are sometimes referred to as conventional power plants.
In thermal power stations, mechanical power is produced by a heat engine that transforms thermal energy, often from combustion of a fuel, into rotational energy. Most thermal power stations produce steam, and these are sometimes called steam power stations. Not all thermal energy can be transformed into mechanical power, according to the second law of thermodynamics. Therefore, there is always heat lost to the environment. If this loss is employed as useful heat, for industrial processes or district heating, the power plant is referred to as a cogeneration power plant or CHP (combined heat-and-power) plant. In countries where district heating is common, there are dedicated heat plants called heat-only boiler stations. An important class of power stations in the Middle East uses by-product heat for the desalination of water.

Commercial electric utility power stations are most usually constructed on a very large scale and designed for continuous operation. Electric power plants typically use three-phase or individual-phase electrical generators to produce alternating current (AC) electric power at a frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz (hertz, which is an AC sine wave per second) depending on its location in the world. Other large companies or institutions may have their own usually smaller power plants to supply heating or electricity to their facilities, especially if heat or steam is created anyway for other purposes. Shipboard steam-driven power plants have been used in various large ships in the past, but these days are used most often in large naval ships. Such shipboard power plants are general lower power capacity than full-size electric company plants, but otherwise have many similarities except that typically the main steam turbines mechanically turn the propulsion propellers, either through reduction gears or directly by the same shaft. The steam power plants in such ships also provide steam to separate smaller turbines driving electric generators to supply electricity in the ship. Shipboard steam power plants can be either conventional or nuclear; the shipboard nuclear plants are mostly in the navy. There have been perhaps about a dozen turbo-electric ships in which a steam-driven turbine drives an electric generator which powers an electric motor for propulsion.
Thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which either drives an electrical generator or does some other work, like ship propulsion. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fuel sources. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy.
History
Reciprocating steam engines have been used for mechanical power sources since the 18th Century, with notable improvements being made by James Watt. The very first commercial central electrical generating stations in New York and London, in 1882, also used reciprocating steam engines. As generator sizes increased, eventually turbines took over they encres the hose power.




CHAPTER 2
NEED FOR THERMAL POWER GENERATION

Scarcity of water resources: Water resources are not abundantly available and are geographically unevenly distributed. Thus hydel power plants cannot be installed with ease and are limited to certain locations.
Widely available alternate flues: Many alternate fuels such as coal, diesel, nuclear fuels, geo-thermal energy sources, solar-energy, biomass fuels can be used to generate power using steam cycles.
Maintenance and lubrication cost is lower: Once installed, these require less maintenance costs and on repairs. Lubrication is not a major problem compared to hydel power plant.
Coal is abundant: Coal is available in excess quantities in India and is rich form of energy available at relatively lower cost.
Working fluid remains within the system, and need not be replaced every time thus simplifies the process.








CHAPTER 3
CLASSIFICATION

Thermal power plants are classified by the type of fuel and the type of prime mover Installed.

By fuel

Nuclear power plants use a nuclear reactor's heat to operate a steam turbine generator.
Fossil fuelled power plants may also use a steam turbine generator or in the case of natural gas fired plants may use a combustion turbine. A coal-fired power station produces electricity by burning coal to generate steam, and has the side-effect of producing a large amount of carbon dioxide, which is released from burning coal and contributes to global warming
Geothermal power plants use steam extracted from hot underground rocks.
Biomass Fuelled Power Plants may be fuelled by waste from sugar cane, municipal solid waste, landfill methane, or other forms of biomass.
Solar thermal electric plants use sunlight to boil water, which turns the generator.


By prime mover

Steam turbine plants use the dynamic pressure generated by expanding steam to turn the blades of a turbine
Gas turbine plants use the dynamic pressure from flowing gases (air and combustion products) to directly operate the turbine.
Combined cycle plants have both a gas turbine fired by natural gas, and a steam boiler and steam turbine which use the hot exhaust gas from the gas turbine to produce electricity
Reciprocating engines are used to provide power for isolated communities and are frequently used for small cogeneration plants. Hospitals, office buildings, industrial plants, and other critical facilities also use them to provide backup power in case of a power outage
Microturbines, Stirling engine and internal combustion reciprocating engines are low-cost solutions for using opportunity fuels, such as landfill gas, digester gas from water treatment plants and waste gas from oil production



Efficiency

Power is energy per unit time. The power output or capacity of an electric plant can be expressed in units of megawatts electric (MWe). The electric efficiency of a conventional thermal power station, considered as saleable energy (in MWe) produced at the plant busbars as a percent of the heating value of the fuel consumed, is typically 33% to 48% efficient. This efficiency is limited as all heat engines are governed by the laws of thermodynamics (See: Carnot cycle). The rest of the energy must leave the plant in the form of heat. This waste heat can go through a condenser and be disposed of with cooling water or in cooling towers. If the waste heat is instead utilized for district heating, it is called cogeneration. An important class of thermal power station is associated with desalination facilities; these are typically found in desert countries with large supplies of natural gas and in these plants, freshwater production and electricity are equally important co-products.
Since the efficiency of the plant is fundamentally limited by the ratio of the absolute temperatures of the steam at turbine input and output, efficiency improvements require use of higher temperature, and therefore higher pressure, steam. Historically, other working fluids such as mercury have been experimentally used in a mercury vapor turbine power plant, since these can attain higher temperatures than water at lower working pressures. However, the obvious hazards of toxicity, and poor heat transfer properties, have ruled out mercury as a working fluid.

CHAPTER 4
BASIC DEFINITIONS

Steam is vaporized water and can be produced at 100â„¢C at standard atmosphere.
In common speech, steam most often refers to the visible white mist that condenses above boiling water as the hot vapor mixes with the cooler air.
Turbine A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid or air flow and converts it into useful work.
The simplest turbines have one moving part, a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum, with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades, or the blades react to the flow, so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor. Early turbine exare windmills and waterwheels.

Fig Typical turbine

Electric generator An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. A generator forces electrons in the windings to flow through the external electrical circuit. It is somewhat analogous to a water pump, which creates a flow of water but does not create the water inside.





Fig Typical Generator



A boiler or steam generator is a device used to create steam by applyingheat energy to water. Although the definitions are somewhat flexible, it can be said that older steam generators were commonly termed boilers and worked at low to medium pressure
(1“300 psi/0.069“20.684 bar; 6.895“2,068.427 kPa), but at pressures above this it is more usual to speak of a steam generator.





A boiler or steam generator is used wherever a source of steam is required. The form and size depends on the application: mobile steam engines such as steam locomotives, portable engines and steam-powered road vehicles typically use a smaller boiler that forms an integral part of the vehicle;


Second law of thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics is an expression of the universal principle of entropy, stating that the entropy of anisolated system which is not in equilibrium will tend to increase over time, approaching a maximum value at equilibrium; and that the entropy change dSof a system undergoing any infinitesimal reversible process is given by dq / T, where dq is the heat supplied to the system and T is the absolute temperature of the system.



CHAPTER 5
FUNCTIONING OF THERMAL POWER PLANT:

In a thermal power plant, one of coal, oil or natural gas is used to heat the boiler to convert the water into steam. The steam is used to turn a turbine, which is connected to a generator. When the turbine turns, electricity is generated and given as output by the generator, which is then supplied to the consumers through high-voltage power lines.


Fig steam power generation “

Typical diagram of a coal-fired thermal power station
1. Cooling tower
10. Steam Control valve
19. Superheater

2. Cooling water pump
11. High pressure steam turbine
20.Forced draught (draft) fan

3. transmission line (3-phase)
12. Deaerator
21. Reheater
4. Step-up transformer (3-phase)
13. Feed water heater
22. Combustion air intake

5. Electrical generator (3-phase)
14. Coal conveyor
23. Economiser

6.Low pressure steam turbine
15. Coal hopper
24. Air preheater

7. Condensate pump
16. Coal pulverizer
25. Precipitator

8. Surface condenser
17. Boiler steam drum
26.Induced draught (draft) fan

9.Intermediate pressure steam turbine
18. Bottom ash hopper
27. Flue gas stack




Detailed process of power generation in a thermal power plant:

Water intake: Firstly, water is taken into the boiler through a water source. If water is available in a plenty in the region, then the source is an open pond or river. If water is scarce, then it is recycled and the same water is used over and over again.
Boiler heating: The boiler is heated with the help of oil, coal or natural gas. A furnace is used to heat the fuel and supply the heat produced to the boiler. The increase in temperature helps in the transformation of water into steam.
Steam Turbine: The steam generated in the boiler is sent through a steam turbine. The turbine has blades that rotate when high velocity steam flows across them. This rotation of turbine blades is used to generate electricity.
Generator: A generator is connected to the steam turbine. When the turbine rotates, the generator produces electricity which is then passed on to the power distribution systems.
Special mountings: There is some other equipment like the economizer and air pre-heater. An economizer uses the heat from the exhaust gases to heat the feed water. An air pre-heater heats the air sent into the combustion chamber to improve the efficiency of the combustion process.
Ash collection system: There is a separate residue and ash collection system in place to collect all the waste materials from the combustion process and to prevent them from escaping into the atmosphere.
Apart from this, there are various other monitoring systems and instruments in place to keep track of the functioning of all the devices. This prevents any hazards from taking place in the plant.


A Rankine cycle with a two-stage steam turbine and a single feedwater heater.


The second law of thermodynamics states that any closed-loop cycle can only convert a fraction of the heat produced during combustion into mechanical work. The rest of the heat, called waste heat, must be released into a cooler environment during the return portion of the cycle. The fraction of heat released into a cooler medium must be equal or larger than the ratio ofabsolute temperatures of the cooling system (environment) and the heat source (combustion furnace). Raising the furnace temperature improves the efficiency but also increases the steam pressure, complicates the design and makes the furnace more expensive. The waste heat cannot be converted into mechanical energy without an even cooler cooling system. However, it may be used in cogeneration plants to heat buildings, produce hot water, or to heat materials on an industrial scale, such as in some oil refineries, cement plants, and chemical synthesis plants.
Typical thermal efficiency for electrical generators in the electricity industry is around 33% for coal and oil-fired plants, and up to 50% for combined-cycle gas-fired plants












CHAPTER 6
ADVANTAGES

The fuel used is quite cheap.
Less initial cost as compared to other generating plants.
It can be installed at any place irrespective of the existence of coal. The coal can be transported to the site of the plant by rail or road.
It requires less space as compared to Hydro power plants.
Cost of generation is less than that of diesel power plants.
This plants can be quickly installed and commissioned and can be loaded when compare to hydel power plant
It can meet sudden changes in the load without much difficulty controlling operation to increase steam generation
Coal is less costlier than diesel
Maintenance and lubrication cost is lower









CHAPTER 7
DISADVANTAGES

It pollutes the atmosphere due to production of large amount of smoke and fumes.
It is costlier in running cost as compared to Hydro electric plants.
well, stations always take up room for the environment which could be cultivated for the use of growing food etc. which is a great disadvantage is our day and age, as food is necessary to live.
However, this could create more jobs for a lot of people thus increasing in a good way our current economic situation which by is failing miserably.
Over all capital investment is very high on account of turbines, condensers, boilers reheaters etc .maintenance cost is also high on lubrication, fuel handling, fuel processing.
It requires comparatively more space and more skilled operating staff as the operations are complex and required precise execution
A large number of circuits makes the design complex
Starting of a thermal power plant takes fairly long time as the boiler operation and steam generation process are not rapid and instantaneous








CHAPTER 8
FUTURE PROSPECTS


Effective Use of Fossil Fuels and Reduction in CO2 Emissions by Improving the Efficiency of Thermal Power Generation
At present, thermal power generation accounts for approximately 70% of the total amount of electricity produced around the world. However, thermal power generation, which uses fossil fuels, causes more CO2 emissions than other power generation methods. In order to reduce CO2emissions per unit power produced, Toshiba Group is developing next-generation thermal power technologies aimed at improving plant efficiency and commercializing the CCS*1 (CO2 capture and storage) system.

To improve the efficiency of thermal power generation, it is of vital importance that the temperature of the steam or gas used to rotate the turbines is raised. Toshiba Group is working on the development of ultra-high-temperature materials and cooling technologies in order to commercialize an A-USC*2 system (Advanced Ultra-Super Critical steam turbine system) more efficient than previous models, which is designed to increase steam temperature from 600°C to above the 700°C mark. In the area of combined cycle power generation using a combination of gas and steam turbines, we are also engaged in jointly developing a power generation system designed to increase gas temperature to the level of 1,500°C with the U.S. Company General Electric, which is starting commercial operation in July 2008 in Japan.




Accelerating the Development of CO2 Capture and Storage Technology
The Key to Realizing Next-generation Power Generation System
Toshiba Group is engaged in the development of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) technology designed to separate and capture CO2 emitted from thermal power plants and other such facilities and then store it underground. More specifically, this development is aimed at commercializing CCS technology. In order to commercialize this technology, it is essential that we develop a system that makes it possible to separate and capture CO2 without reducing the economic performance of a power plant. In the course of its basic research, Toshiba Group has developed a high-performance absorbent that minimizes the energy consumption required for the CO2 capture process. Experiments conducted using small-scale test equipment have confirmed that its level of performance is the best in the industry.


Preventive Maintenance Technologies That Support the Long-term, Stable Operation of Facilities and Extension of the Service Life of High-temperature Gas Turbine Parts
The use of combined cycle power generation facilities using gas turbines is increasing year by year for the purpose of achieving the reduction in CO2 emissions required to create a low-carbon society, increasing energy use efficiency and improving economic performance. Toshiba Group is developing various technologies that support the long-term, stable operation of facilities.
In order to analyze and assess high-temperature gas turbine parts, which are used in harsh environments and to determine their remaining service lives based on the level of degradation, we developed a technology for making highly accurate diagnoses by combining a number of methods, including the finite element method (FEM) and methods for testing cleavage strength, tensile strength, durability and fatigue strength. We are also working to commercialize service life extension and repair technologies aimed at recycling gas turbine rotor/stator blades and extending their service lives. Based on the BLE (Blade Life Extension„¢) concept unique to our company group, we repeatedly reuse old rotor blades that meet our repair standards instead of simply discarding them. The repair and recycling of these parts not only reduces running costs and improves economic performance, but also effectively minimize the environmental impact.






Fig- Concept of the BLE Process



BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. British Electricity International (1991).Modern Power Station Practice: incorporating modern power system practice (3rd Edition (12 volume set) ed.). Pergamon. ISBN 0-08-040510-X.
2. Babcock & Wilcox Co. (2005).Steam: Its Generation and Use (41st edition ed.). ISBN 0-9634570-0-4.
3. Thomas C. Elliott, Kao Chen, Robert Swanekamp (coauthors) (1997).Standard Handbook of Powerplant Engineering (2nd edition ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional.ISBN 0-07-019435-1.
4. Air Pollution Control Orientation Coursefrom website of the Air Pollution Training InstituteAir Pollution Control Orientation Coursefrom website of the Air Pollution Training Institute
5. Fundamentals of Steam Power by Kenneth Weston,
6. First and second lectures by S. Banerjee on "Thermal Power Plants"
7. cognizance.orgmain/pages/technovision
8. cleantechnica.. -thermal-electricity
9. britannica. -Thermal-Power-Generation-Technology
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#2
Introduction
Almost all coal, nuclear, geothermal, solar thermal electric, and waste incineration plants, as well as many natural gas power plants are thermal.
Natural gas is frequently combusted in gas turbines as well as boilers.
In thermal power stations, mechanical power is produced by a heat engine that transforms thermal energy, often from combustion of a fuel, into rotational energy.


HISTORY

Reciprocating steam engines have been used for mechanical power sources since the 18th Century
James Watt invented first steam engine.
The very first commercial central electrical generating stations in New York and London, in 1882, also used reciprocating steam engines.
As generator sizes increased, eventually turbines took over they encres the hose power.


Classification

¢ By fuel

¢ Nuclear power plants
¢ Solar thermal
¢ Fossil fuelled power plants


¢ By prime mover

¢ Steam turbine
¢ Gas turbine
¢ Reciprocating engines




Efficiency

The electric efficiency of a conventional thermal power station, considered as saleable energy (in MWe) produced at the plant busbars as a percent of the heating value of the fuel consumed, is typically 33% to 48% efficient.
Since the efficiency of the plant is fundamentally limited by the ratio of the absolute temperatures of the steam at turbine input and output, efficiency improvements require use of higher temperature, and therefore higher pressure, steam requried.



Basic definitions

Steam is vaporized water and can be produced at 100â„¢C at standard atmosphere.
In common speech, steam most often refers to the visible white mist that condenses above boiling water as the hot vapor mixes with the cooler air.
Turbine A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid or air flow and converts it into useful work.



The second law of thermodynamics an expression of the universal principle of entropy, stating that the entropy of an isolated system which is not in equilibrium will tend to increase over time, approaching a maximum value at equilibrium; and that the entropy change dSof a system undergoing any infinitesimal reversible process is given by dq / T, where dq is the heat supplied to the system andT is the absolute temperature of the system.



Advantages

¢ The fuel used is quite cheap.
¢ Less initial cost as compared to other generating plants.
¢ It can be installed at any place irrespective of the existence of coal.
¢ It require less space as compared to Hydro power plants.
¢ Cost of generation is less than that of diesel power plants.
¢ Can be loaded quickly



Disadvantages

¢ It pollutes the atmosphere due to production of large amount of smoke and fumes.
¢ It is costlier in running cost as compared to Hydro electric plants.
¢ The plant efficiency falls rapidly at part load
¢ A large number of circuits makes the design complex
¢ It occupies more space
¢ Ash disposal is a big problem



Future Prospects

Effective Use of Fossil Fuels and Reduction in CO2 Emissions by Improving the Efficiency of Thermal Power Generation
Accelerating the Development of CO2 Capture and Storage Technology
The Key to Realizing Next-generation Power Generation System


Effective Use of Fossil Fuels and Reduction in CO2 Emissions by Improving the Efficiency of Thermal Power Generation
Accelerating the Development of CO2 Capture and Storage Technology The Key to Realizing Next-generation Power Generation System
Reply
#3
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thermal power station


INTRODUCTION

Almost all coal, nuclear, geothermal, solar thermal electric, and waste incineration plants, as well as many natural gas power plants are thermal. Natural gas is frequently combusted in gas turbines as well as boilers. The waste heat from a gas turbine can be used to raise steam, in a combined cycle plant that improves overall efficiency. Power plants burning coal, oil, or natural gas are often referred to collectively as fossil-fuel power plants. Some biomass-fueled thermal power plants have appeared also. Non-nuclear thermal power plants, particularly fossil-fueled plants, which do not use cogeneration, are sometimes referred to as conventional power plants.
In thermal power stations, mechanical power is produced by a heat engine that transforms thermal energy, often from combustion of a fuel, into rotational energy. Most thermal power stations produce steam, and these are sometimes called steam power stations. Not all thermal energy can be transformed into mechanical power, according to the second law of thermodynamics. Therefore, there is always heat lost to the environment. If this loss is employed as useful heat, for industrial processes or district heating, the power plant is referred to as a cogeneration power plant or CHP (combined heat-and-power) plant. In countries where district heating is common, there are dedicated heat plants called heat-only boiler stations. An important class of power stations in the Middle East uses by-product heat for the desalination of water.

Commercial electric utility power stations are most usually constructed on a very large scale and designed for continuous operation. Electric power plants typically use three-phase or individual-phase electrical generators to produce alternating current (AC) electric power at a frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz (hertz, which is an AC sine wave per second) depending on its location in the world. Other large companies or institutions may have their own usually smaller power plants to supply heating or electricity to their facilities, especially if heat or steam is created anyway for other purposes. Shipboard steam-driven power plants have been used in various large ships in the past, but these days are used most often in large naval ships. Such shipboard power plants are general lower power capacity than full-size electric company plants, but otherwise have many similarities except that typically the main steam turbines mechanically turn the propulsion propellers, either through reduction gears or directly by the same shaft. The steam power plants in such ships also provide steam to separate smaller turbines driving electric generators to supply electricity in the ship. Shipboard steam power plants can be either conventional or nuclear; the shipboard nuclear plants are mostly in the navy. There have been perhaps about a dozen turbo-electric ships in which a steam-driven turbine drives an electric generator which powers an electric motor for propulsion.
Thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which either drives an electrical generator or does some other work, like ship propulsion. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fuel sources. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy.
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#4


hydroelectric and thermal power (coal)


ABSTRACT


Energy is a critical component in the development of any country and more so in the context of developing countries. Rapid industrialization is often hampered by inadequate availability of energy. Communications, health, housing and other basic needs of society are also limited by insufficient availability of energy at various stages and sometimes to the point that even takes the whole process of planning in this sector to a halt.
Conventional hydroelectric and thermal power (coal) had played an important role in industrial development. However, the oil crisis since 1973 had brought to the concentration that renewable have a very important role at the time because the price of a non-renewable source can be changed often negatively the interests of development poorer countries. Often the technologies related to alternative energy sources are not as well developed and adjusted to have a high degree of efficiency in use. However, if one were to look at the economic cost and how some of these in an appropriate manner at a price which shows that many alternative energy sources and are able to compete with conventional energy sources. Solar and Wind Energy are natural sources such as renewable energy options and have been used so successfully in many countries.
On the other hand, there are many other sources of alternative energy such as biomass, bio fuels, hydrogen energy and the like when developed may have an important role in meeting energy needs in the countries of the region.
The paper demonstrates the use of some non-conventional resources of energy for power generation, including biomass, sunlight, wind, tides and fossils are available in abundance, to generate energy as a viable alternative to traditional hydro and thermal and fast depleting resources.

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#5
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[attachment=6582]

thermal power generation full report

SUBMITTED BY
RAGHAVENDRA.K
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Mrs.REKHA
SJM POLYTECHNIC
CHALLAKERE, CHITRADURGA


POWER PLANT

A power plant is a facility for the generation of electric power. The term is also used to refer to the engine in ships, aircraft and other large vehicles.
At the center of nearly all power stations is a generator, a rotating machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by creating relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor. The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely from installation to installation.
In thermal power plants mechanical power is produced by a heat engine which transforms thermal energy, often from combustion of a fuel, into rotational energy. All thermal energy cannot be transformed to mechanical power, according to the second law of thermodynamics. Therefore, thermal power plants also produce low-temperature heat. If no use is found for the heat, it has to be rejected. If reject heat is employed as useful heat, the power plant is referred to as a cogeneration power plant or CHP (combined heat-and-power) plant.
Thermal power stations are often easily identified by cooling towers, huge cylindrical chimney-like structures that release the waste heat to the atmosphere.
Other power stations use the energy of water (waves, tides, or rivers confined by hydroelectric dams), wind, or sunlight.

GENERAL LAYOUT OF THE PLANT
Though each plant is unique in itself in terms of specific features and functionalities, still there is a broad outline to which all thermal power plants confirm to and in this article we will study about the general layout of a typical power plant.
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#6

[attachment=6752]

thermal power generation full report

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the
prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into
steam and spins a steam turbine which either drives an
electrical generator or does some other work, like ship
propulsion. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is
condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was
heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest
variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to
the different fuel sources. Some prefer to use the term
energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat
energy into electrical energy.Introductory overview
Almost all coal, nuclear, geothermal, solar thermal electric, and waste incineration plants, as well as
many natural gas power plants are thermal. Natural gas is frequently combusted in gas turbines as well
as boilers. The waste heat from a gas turbine can be used to raise steam, in a combined cycle plant that
improves overall efficiency. Power plants burning coal, oil, or natural gas are often referred to
collectively as fossil-fuel power plants. Some biomass-fueled thermal power plants have appeared also.
Non-nuclear thermal power plants, particularly fossil-fueled plants, which do not use cogeneration are
sometimes referred to as conventional power plants.
Commercial electric utility power stations are most usually constructed on a very large scale and
designed for continuous operation. Electric power plants typically use three-phase or individual-phase
electrical generators to produce alternating current (AC) electric power at a frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz
(hertz, which is an AC sine wave per second) depending on its location in the world. Other large
companies or institutions may have their own usually smaller power plants to supply heating or
electricity to their facilities, especially if heat or steam is created anyway for other purposes. Shipboard
steam-driven power plants have been used in various large ships in the past, but these days are used
most often in large naval ships. Such shipboard power plants are general lower power capacity than fullsize
electric company plants, but otherwise have many similarities except that typically the main steam
turbines mechanically turn the propulsion propellers, either through reduction gears or directly by the
same shaft. The steam power plants in such ships also provide steam to separate smaller turbines driving
electric generators to supply electricity in the ship. Shipboard steam power plants can be either
conventional or nuclear; the shipboard nuclear plants are mostly in the navy. There have been perhaps
about a dozen turbo-electric ships in which a steam-driven turbine drives an electric generator which
powers an electric motor for propulsion.
communication
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#7
presented by:
Dhananjay kumar

[attachment=9104]
GENERATION OF THERMAL ENERGY INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE PLANT
KBUNL

(Kanti Bijlee Utpadan Nigam Limited) which was formerly known as Vaishali Power Generating Company Ltd(VPGCL) is situated in kanti which is 12 km away from main town muzaffarpur.
It is totally coal fired Thermal power station.
There are two units of each 110MW installed capacity.
ABSTRACT
Any thermal power plant is converting the chemical energy of coal into electrical energy. The process involved for this conversion is based upon the modified Rankin cycle. The major components that are used to accomplish the modified Rankin cycle are:
 Boiler feed pump,
 The steam generator water walls (evaporator),
 Steam generator super heaters,
 Steam turbine,
 Reheater,
 Condenser,
 Regenerative feed heaters etc.
All components of a power generating cycle are vital and critical in operation. In Modified Rankin cycle, the two most important aspects that is added are reheating & regenerative heating. By reheating we used to send the steam coming from exhaust of the turbine back to the reheater of the boiler so that its enthalpy increases and more work can be done by this steam the other purpose is to make steam dry so that no harm will be done to the blades of turbine.
In MTPS Kanti, we have three turbines in Tandem coupling namely one H.P Turbine, one I.P Turbine & one L.P Turbine coupled with the generator to which is synchronized with the grid to produce electricity at 50Hz.
In all my modesty, i wish to record here that a sincere attempt has been made for the presentation of this project report. I also trust that this study will not only prove to be of academic interest but also will be able to insight into the area of technical management.
An Overview
NTPC
NTPC was set up in 7th November 1975, the NAVRATNA power giant today generates more than one fourth of the total power in the country, ranked 5th largest power generating utility in the world, NTPC is the second most efficient in capacity utilization among the top ten thermal generating companies according to a survey conducted by Data monitor, United Kingdom. In a short span of two decades, NTPC has earn its prime status by setting up a total generating capacity of 22,249MW, with 19.14% of India’s operating capacity, the company generates 26.7% of country electricity through its 13 coal & 7 gas based power plants spread all over the country.
Today, country needs a 10% sustained growth in power generation to ensure the momentum for a 7% overall growth in the economy. Recognizing this, NTPC has committed itself to achieving the status of a 30,000MW plus company by the year 2007 and 40,000MW plus company by the year 2012 and power generating capacity addition programme of 51,000MW (including nuclear energy and non-conventional sources of energy) for the tenth plan.
NEW TECHNOLOGY
 Super critical technology at NTPC Sipat project (3*600MW) to increase the efficiency of the cycle and to decrease the green house gas emission,
 Closed cycle seawater cooling at Simhadri project for first time in India
 Introduction of IGCC (Integrated gasified combined cycle) for clean and efficient utilization of coal.
ENVIROMENT MANAGEMENT
 Liquid water treatment plants at Farakka and Kahalgaon.
 Ash water recycling system at Kahalgaon and korba to reduce water requirement for ash disposal at these stations.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The working principle of thermal power plant is based on Rankin cycle. A central steam station basically works on the Rankin cycle. Steam is produced in the boiler , is expanded in the prime mover (Turbine) and is condensed in a condenser to be fed into the boiIer.
PROCESS OF GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
MTPS Kanti is a Thermal Power Plant. The functioning of every Thermal power plant is based on following process:-
1. Coal To Steam
2. Steam To Mechanical power
3. Power Generation, Transmission & Distribution.
Coal To Steam
Coal and water are the primary inputs to a thermal power plant.This process of conversion of water to steam by using heat energy produced by burning of coal by producing heat takes place in boiler and its auxiliaries. Coal burns in a furnace located at the bottom part of the boiler. Feed water is supplied to the boiler drum by boiler feed pumps, where water is heated and converted into saturated steam. This is further superheated in the super heaters.
Steam To Mechanical Power
This is the most important process of a power plant. The superheated steam produced in the boiler at high pressure and temperature is feed to the turbine giving up heat energy, which is transformed into mechanical energy on turbine shaft. Thus, mechanical power is obtained from the turbine shaft.
Power Generation, Transmission & Distribution
Mechanical power produced at the shaft of the turbine is used to rotate the rotor of an electrical generator that produces electrical power. The electric power produced by the generator is boosted to a high voltage by a generator transformer to reduce transmission losses. This power at EHV i.e. 400 KV is transmitted and distributed by EHV transmission lines.
Coal To Steam
We are taking coal from coal-yard as Wagon tippler load with the help of motor on which the conveyer belt is mounted. As Wagon tippler consist of rotor & pinion. The pinion use to rotate rotor. If in case Wagon tippler not working then mechanically coal is transfer into hopper to the belt. We supply coal in coal bunker watching the load on control room connected Ammeter & Voltmeter. Feeder is used to put coal on belt. Small motors are connected to belt for support. Coal being passed through metal detector after passing through metal detector it is passed through vibrating screen where coal of 5mm seperated from large coal ane fed to crusher then magnetic separator to remove iron particle from coal. Then fed to crusher to coal bunker
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