smart city short essay in kannada

In chapter Smart cities is defined the concept of smart cities and how it contributes to the development and improvement of socio-economic activities of society. To achieve smart cities first were defined some specific elements. This chapter highlight some models of implemented smart solutions in the world and in the end was made a case study about the preparation of employees of a city for smart solutions. This aims to investigate the implications of smart solutions for sustainable city development and to gauge the readiness of employees for smart solutions. These solutions concentrate on the core area of the city administration, education, health, transportation, etc. With this purpose in view the framework for a case study is built up employing a quantitative and qualitative research for a mid-sized Romanian city. Exploratory research techniques combined with applying a survey methodology have been used for studying the preparation of employees for the smart solutions.

The concept of the smart city has been introduced to highlight the importance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the last 20 years (Schaffers, 2012).

In literature the term smart city is used to specify a city's ability to respond as promptly as possible to the needs of citizens.

Quality of life and city development are profoundly influenced by the core systems (Figure 14) of a city: transport, government services and education, public safety and health (Choenni, 2001). So, we must to start analyze and development of city for these four areas.

Figure The core system of a smart city

Research has focused to study these four areas - education, health, transport, public administration - which are identified having high priority. For these areas was highlight the use of new technologies of employers.

Literature review highlights that various aspects referring to improve life in a city are mentioned in connection to the terms of smart city like: transportation, education, public administration, health care, security/safe, green, efficient and sustainable, energy etc.

In literature (Choenni, 2001), (Dirks, 2010), (Giffinger, 2007) is shown that the most important area for start to transform a city in a smart one is the transportation system. This area has in view to use the modern transport technologies. Smart transportation systems are the best example of the harmony between development of city and modern technologies.

The term smart city is also used in literature (Begawan, 2010), (Caragliu, 2009), (Choenni, 2001), (Schaffers, 2012) regarding the education of its inhabitants. A smart city has therefore smart inhabitants in terms of their educational grade. The intelligent systems represent an important part of future educational process. The intelligent systems will affect the way in which the information is received, used, understand and learned by users.

If the inhabitants will be educate, they will know to work for city development and they will have in view the limits of natural resources. An intelligent educational (Dirks, 2010) system is based on three elements: interconnection (a resource sharing technology education), instrumentation (accumulation of necessary data) and intelligence (making decisions that enhance the learning process).

In other literature (Dirks, 2009) the term smart city is referred to the relation between the city government or public administration and its citizen. Good governance as an aspect of a smart administration often also referred to the usage of new channels of communication for the citizens, e.g. "e-governance" or "e-democracy" (Dirks, 2009).

The health system is the other area which is highlight like a good solution for a smart city and this implies to use modern technologies to better results (Choenni, 2001). The smart health systems have in view to improve the quality of life for patients, allowing timely diagnosis and therapies and, reducing health care costs, reduce time for access to hospital.

The term smart city has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Since the end of the last century many cities have initiated smart city initiatives.

A useful definition to start to call a city "smart" is when "investments in human and social capital and traditional (transportation) and modern (ICT) infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory government" (Caragliu, 2009).

From the countries which implemented smart cities from the entire world have identified three distinct levels (Spiro, 2006), (Schaffers, 2012) (Figure 15):

The first step for the smart city is based on the physical telecommunications network infrastructure, comprised of the wiring, the wireless, together with any servers and routers required for operating the infrastructure.

The second layer constitutes applications that facilitate operations in the city, like traffic control, etc. Such applications will be provided by many vendors, using the provided infrastructure.

The third step is based by ubiquitous or connectivity of all.

In the last five years, many new ideas have been developed in terms of urban life. One of the most successful concepts is ubiquitous city. This idea was born in South Korea, and wants to be a new model of sustainable economy based on more efficient use of communication solutions, transportation and natural resources. This city manages information technology ubiquitous.

In order to create a complete U-city, we will need to create new smart solutions for water management, traffic and even health care.

This model city was and is being investigated and implemented in European Union cities such as Oulu city in Finland. All information systems from the city are linked and everything is connected to an information system through technologies such as wireless networks.

The concept of ubiquitous city or U-city has been developed into a huge international research and is also known as Smart Cities in other countries. This city is a smart city model based on the use of computer systems to exchange data such as cloud computing, open date.

The first level of this new model of urban life is one in which houses, streets, offices and transport communicate with each other can be accessible from anywhere.

The first U-city was implemented in South Korea (e.g. New Songdo) and Japan (e.g. Osaka) and delivers information anytime, anywhere to anybody, using interconnected information systems and ubiquitous ICT solutions over the city (Bourdeau, 2008).

Figure U-city (Pollalis, 2006)

There are lots of advantages to this new system: energy and all natural resources are spent more efficiently and synchronization tasks much easier to accomplish.

U-city is based on ubiquitous computing and IT solutions to improve the quality of life (Figure 16). These cities use information and communication technology to connect the activities which taking place in a city. In Oulu city in Finland was implemented a UBI - urban interaction program, coordinated by the University of Oulu. This solution is based on hotspots - public interactive screens that facilities effective communication between citizens and government.

All over the world we can identify a lot of smart city (Table 2) in different level of development and is evident that this concept is used to define an urban evolutions based by modern technologies.

A smart city uses digital technologies or information and communication technologies (ICT) to enhance quality and performance of urban services, to reduce costs and resource consumption, and to engage more effectively and actively with its citizens. Sectors that have been developing smart city technology include government services,[2] transport and traffic management, energy,[3] health care,[4] water and waste. Smart city applications are developed with the goal of improving the management of urban flows and allowing for real time responses to challenges.[5] A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a simple 'transactional' relationship with its citizens.[6] Other terms that have been used for similar concepts include ‘cyberville, ‘digital city’’, ‘electronic communities’, ‘flexicity’, ‘information city’, 'intelligent city', ‘knowledge-based city, 'MESH city', ‘telecity, ‘teletopia’’, 'Ubiquitous city', ‘wired city’.