Short notes pdf management concepts and practices by cb gupta
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Managment means many things to many people . To a layman management means an impressive person occupying an air-condition chamber with an overstaked table and cushioned chair . Some people suggest management as commanding other . To many others, management is nothing more than clerical work and putting fancy signatures. But truly management is the process of planning, organising, staffing, directing, co-ordinating and controlling the activities of business enterprises. It is also described as the technique of leadership, decision making and a mean of co-ordinating.
As there is no universally accepted definition for management, it is difficult to define it.
But a simple traditional definition, defines it as the "art of getting things done by others". This definition brings in two elements namely accomplishment of objectives, and direction of group activities towards the goal. The weaknesses of this definition is that firstly it uses the word "art", whereas management is not merely an art, but it is both art and science. Secondly, the definition does not state the various functions of a manager clearly.
A more elaborate definition given by George R. Terry, defines management as a process "consisting of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling, performed to determine and accomplish the objectives by the use of people and resources." Firstly it considers management as a "process" i.e. a systematic way of doing things. Secondly it states four management activities: Planning, organizing, actuating, and controlling. Planning is thinking of an actions in advance. organizing is coordination of the human and material resources of an organization. Actuating is motivation and direction of subordinates. Controlling means the attempt to ensure no deviation from the norm or plan. Thirdly it states that manager uses people and other resources. For example a manager who wants to increase the sales, might try not only to increase the sales force, but also to increase advertising budget. And fourthly, it states that management involves the act of achieving the organization's objectives.
definition
A few definitions by experts are:
"Management is an art of knowing what is to be done and seeing that it is done in the best possible manner." (planning and controlling)
F.W. Taylor (father of scientific management)
"Management is to forecast, to plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate and control activities of others."
Henri Fayol (father of modern management)
"Management is the process by which co-operative group directs actions towards common goals."
Joseph Massie
"Management is that process by which managers create, direct, maintain and operate purposive organisation through systematic, coordinated and cooperative human efforts."
McFarland
"Management is the coordination of all resources through the process of planning, organising, directing and controlling in order to attain stated goals."
Henry Sisk
"Management is a social and technical process that utilises resources, influences human action and facilitates changes in order to accomplish an organization's goals."
Tho Harmann, William Scott
"Management is a process of working with and through others to achieve organizational objectives in a changing environment, central to this purpose is the effective and efficient use of limited resources."
Rovert Kreitner