30-04-2015, 10:16 PM
Seminar topic on pneumonia,causes,symptoms,prevention,treatment and mode of transmission
|
seminar topic about pneumonia
|
Seminar topic on pneumonia,causes,symptoms,prevention,treatment and mode of transmission
10-03-2017, 10:46 AM
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung that mainly affects the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli. Typical signs and symptoms include variable severity and a combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and shortness of breath, depending on the underlying cause. Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases. Risk factors include other lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis, COPD and asthma, diabetes, heart failure, history of smoking, poor ability to cough as after a stroke or a weak immune system. Diagnosis is often based on symptoms and physical examination. Chest x-ray, blood tests, and sputum culture may help confirm the diagnosis. The disease can be classified by where it was acquired with the community, hospital, or pneumonia associated with health care.
There are vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia. Other prevention methods include hand washing and non-smoking. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics. If pneumonia is severe, the affected person is usually hospitalized. Oxygen therapy can be used if oxygen levels are low. Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people worldwide (7% of the population) and results in about 4 million deaths a year. Pneumonia was considered by William Osler in the 19th century as "the captain of the men of death." With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival improved. However, in developing countries, and among very old, very young and chronically ill, pneumonia remains one of the leading causes of death. Pneumonia often shortens suffering among those who are already near death and therefore has been called "the old man's friend".
Causes
Viruses, bacteria, fungi or (rarely) parasites or other organisms can cause pneumonia.
• In most cases, the specific organism (such as bacteria or viruses) can not be identified even with the tests.1 When an organism is identified, it is usually the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae.2
• Many types of bacteria can cause pneumonia. Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumoniaeis sometimes mild and called "walking pneumonia".
• Viruses, such as influenza A (influenza virus) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause pneumonia.
In people who have an altered immune system, pneumonia can be caused by other organisms, including some forms of fungi, such as Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly called Pneumocystis carinii). This fungus often causes pneumonia in people with AIDS. Some doctors may suggest an HIV test if they think Pneumocystis jiroveci is causing pneumonia.
![[Image: 9248.jpg]](https://medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/fullsize/9248.jpg)
symptom
The symptoms of pneumonia caused by bacteria in other healthy people younger than 65 usually come on suddenly. They often start during or after a upper respiratory infection, such as the flu or a cold. Symptoms may include:
• Cough, often producing mucus, also called sputum, from the lungs. The mucus may be rusty or green or stained with blood.
• Fever, which may be less common in older adults.
• Shivering, "teeth" chills.
• Fast breathing, often shallow, and the feeling of being out of breath.
• Pain in the chest wall that often worsens when you cough or breathe.
• Accelerated heartbeat.
• Feeling tired or weak.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Diarrhea.
Prevention
There are a number of steps you can take to help prevent pneumonia.
• Stop smoking. You are more likely to get pneumonia if you smoke.
• Avoid people who have infections that sometimes lead to pneumonia.
• Stay away from people who have colds, flu, or other respiratory tract infections.
• If you have not had measles or chickenpox or if you have not received vaccines against these diseases, avoid the people who have them.
• Wash your hands often. This helps prevent the spread of viruses and bacteria that can cause pneumonia.
Treatment of pneumonia
Mild pneumonia can usually be treated at home by:
• rest a lot
• take antibiotics
• drink plenty of fluids
If you do not have other health problems, you should respond well to the treatment and recover soon, although your cough may last for some time.
As pneumonia usually does not spread from one person to another, it is safe to be close to others, including family members.
However, people with a weakened immune system should avoid close contact with a person with pneumonia until they start to improve.
For at-risk groups, pneumonia can be severe and may need to be treated in the hospital.
This is because it can lead to serious complications, which in some cases can be deadly, depending on a person's health and age.
Transmission
A sick young woman sneezing in a tissue
A sick person with M. pneumoniae infection has these bacteria in the nose, throat, trachea, and lungs. M. pneumoniae is transmitted from person to person when small water droplets containing the bacteria are released into the air and people breathe. People who are sick with M. pneumoniae infection often spread the disease when they cough or sneeze. While in close contact with others, they then breathe in bacteria.
Most people who are exposed for a short period of time to a person with M. pneumoniae infection do not get sick. It is known that M. pneumoniae infections have long periods of incubation (the time between first catching bacteria from a sick person and the development of symptoms). However, it is common for this disease to spread among family members living together. The incubation period is usually 1 to 4 weeks.1
Outbreaks occur mainly in crowded environments such as schools, university residences, military barracks, nursing homes, and hospitals. Transmission of M. pneumoniae to the community has been seen during outbreaks at school, with most of the community cases being believed to be members of the family of sick schoolchildren.
There are vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia. Other prevention methods include hand washing and non-smoking. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics. If pneumonia is severe, the affected person is usually hospitalized. Oxygen therapy can be used if oxygen levels are low. Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people worldwide (7% of the population) and results in about 4 million deaths a year. Pneumonia was considered by William Osler in the 19th century as "the captain of the men of death." With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival improved. However, in developing countries, and among very old, very young and chronically ill, pneumonia remains one of the leading causes of death. Pneumonia often shortens suffering among those who are already near death and therefore has been called "the old man's friend".
Causes
Viruses, bacteria, fungi or (rarely) parasites or other organisms can cause pneumonia.
• In most cases, the specific organism (such as bacteria or viruses) can not be identified even with the tests.1 When an organism is identified, it is usually the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae.2
• Many types of bacteria can cause pneumonia. Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumoniaeis sometimes mild and called "walking pneumonia".
• Viruses, such as influenza A (influenza virus) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause pneumonia.
In people who have an altered immune system, pneumonia can be caused by other organisms, including some forms of fungi, such as Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly called Pneumocystis carinii). This fungus often causes pneumonia in people with AIDS. Some doctors may suggest an HIV test if they think Pneumocystis jiroveci is causing pneumonia.
symptom
The symptoms of pneumonia caused by bacteria in other healthy people younger than 65 usually come on suddenly. They often start during or after a upper respiratory infection, such as the flu or a cold. Symptoms may include:
• Cough, often producing mucus, also called sputum, from the lungs. The mucus may be rusty or green or stained with blood.
• Fever, which may be less common in older adults.
• Shivering, "teeth" chills.
• Fast breathing, often shallow, and the feeling of being out of breath.
• Pain in the chest wall that often worsens when you cough or breathe.
• Accelerated heartbeat.
• Feeling tired or weak.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Diarrhea.
Prevention
There are a number of steps you can take to help prevent pneumonia.
• Stop smoking. You are more likely to get pneumonia if you smoke.
• Avoid people who have infections that sometimes lead to pneumonia.
• Stay away from people who have colds, flu, or other respiratory tract infections.
• If you have not had measles or chickenpox or if you have not received vaccines against these diseases, avoid the people who have them.
• Wash your hands often. This helps prevent the spread of viruses and bacteria that can cause pneumonia.
Treatment of pneumonia
Mild pneumonia can usually be treated at home by:
• rest a lot
• take antibiotics
• drink plenty of fluids
If you do not have other health problems, you should respond well to the treatment and recover soon, although your cough may last for some time.
As pneumonia usually does not spread from one person to another, it is safe to be close to others, including family members.
However, people with a weakened immune system should avoid close contact with a person with pneumonia until they start to improve.
For at-risk groups, pneumonia can be severe and may need to be treated in the hospital.
This is because it can lead to serious complications, which in some cases can be deadly, depending on a person's health and age.
Transmission
A sick young woman sneezing in a tissue
A sick person with M. pneumoniae infection has these bacteria in the nose, throat, trachea, and lungs. M. pneumoniae is transmitted from person to person when small water droplets containing the bacteria are released into the air and people breathe. People who are sick with M. pneumoniae infection often spread the disease when they cough or sneeze. While in close contact with others, they then breathe in bacteria.
Most people who are exposed for a short period of time to a person with M. pneumoniae infection do not get sick. It is known that M. pneumoniae infections have long periods of incubation (the time between first catching bacteria from a sick person and the development of symptoms). However, it is common for this disease to spread among family members living together. The incubation period is usually 1 to 4 weeks.1
Outbreaks occur mainly in crowded environments such as schools, university residences, military barracks, nursing homes, and hospitals. Transmission of M. pneumoniae to the community has been seen during outbreaks at school, with most of the community cases being believed to be members of the family of sick schoolchildren.
|
« Next Oldest | Next Newest »
|
Important Note..!
If you are not satisfied with above reply ,..PleaseASK HERE
So that we will collect data for you and will made reply to the request....OR try below "QUICK REPLY" box to add a reply to this page| Popular Searches: seminar topic about pneumonia, hypnotherapy for smoking, cough for 2 weeks, smoking, case presentation in pneumonia, cough for weeks, bacteria, |
