i want a seminar report of josephson junction

Josephson Junction


Definition
The 20th century saw many developments in the field of electronics because of basically two reasons

1. The development of transistors, which forms the basics of everything that is electronics.
2. The development of IC, which helped in the fabrication of fast, compact & sophisticated electronic circuits.

In the 21st century we are going to see some radical changes in the approach towards electronics. These are :
1. The replacement of semiconducting devices with superconducting devices.
2. The use of new classical theories in physics like the relative physics & quantum mechanics to explain various phenomenon, application & working of electronic devices.

The first step to integrate the previously separate branches, electronics &super conductivity was done by the scientist called Brian Josephson by the invention of the JJ in the year 1962 for which he received the Nobel prize in the year 1973.The analysis of the device is impossible using classical theories of physics. The device has immense potential & numerous applications in almost all fields of applied electronics.

The Josephson junction (JJ) is basically an insulator sandwitched between the two semiconductor layers. Hence the device is also called as a SIS (Superconductor-Insulator-superconductor). A tunneling phenomenon called Josephson tunneling takes place through the insulator when the thickness of the insulator is very thin (less than 1.5 nm) and the insulator turns into a superconductor due to the tunneling of charge carriers from the 1st to the 2nd super conductor; through the insulator.
To explain the working of the device we need to analyze the principles of superconductivity & the principles of tunneling. The superconductivity is explained in terms of BCS theory & tunneling in terms of the uncertainity principle.



Superconductivity
It is a remarkable property in which there is a complete loss of resistivity in a metal or alloy, usually at temperature close to the absolute zero & this property was discovered by Kammerlingh Onnes. As perfect conductors, superconductors will carry current without resistance loss, i.e, the current applied will persist forever without any loss of power. These materials are also perfect diamagnetic & magnet placed above the super conductor will levitate under its own magnetic field.

Low temperature superconductors exhibit property at temperature near-250?C. LBCO &certain alloys of La & Ba shows this property near 35k, RBa2Cu3O7, Bi2Sr2ca2Cu3O10 can show the property near 90k. Thallium based & mercury based cuprates can show superconductivity at 134k.

Progress in the development of high temperature superconductivity & particular cuprate based superconductors has made significant advances. Some organic compounds have lately been developed as Superconductors.