Submitted By
SOMESHWER SINGH

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1. History of RFID
In 1945 Léon Theremin invented an espionage tool for the Soviet Union which retransmitted incident radio waves with audio information. Sound waves vibrated a diaphragm which slightly altered the shape of the resonator, which modulated the reflected radio frequency. Even though this device was a covert listening device, not an identification tag, it is considered to be a predecessor of RFID technology, because it was
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
likewise passive, being energized and activated by electromagnetic waves
from an outside source.
Similar technology, such as the IFF transponder invented in the United Kingdom in 1915, was routinely used by the allies in World War II to identify aircraft as friend or foe. Transponders are still used by most powered aircraft to this day. Another early work exploring RFID is the landmark 1948 paper by Harry Stockman, titled "Communication by Means of Reflected Power" (Proceedings of the IRE, pp 1196–1204, October 1948).
Mario Cardullo's U.S. Patent 3,713,148 in 1973 was the first true ancestor of modern RFID; a passive radio transponder with memory. The initial device was passive, powered by the interrogating signal, and was demonstrated in 1971 to the New York Port Authority and other potential users and consisted of a transponder with 16 bit memory for use as a toll device. The basic Cardullo patent covers the use of RF, sound and light as transmission media. The original business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in transportation (automotive vehicle identification, automatic toll system, electronic license plate, electronic manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking (electronic check book, electronic credit card), security (personnel identification, automatic gates, surveillance) and medical (identification, patient history).
A very early demonstration of reflected power (modulated backscatter) RFID tags, both passive and semi-passive, was performed by Steven Depp, Alfred Koelle, and Robert Freyman at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1973. The portable system operated at 915 MHz and used 12-bit tags. This technique is used by the majority of today's UHFID and microwave RFID tags.
The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to
Charles Walton in 1983 U.S. Patent 4,384,288.
The largest deployment of active RFID is the US Department of Defence use of save active tags on every one of its more than a million shipping containers that travel outside of the continental United States (CONUS). The largest passive RFID deployment is the Defence Logistics Agency (DLA) deployment across 72 facilities implemented by ODIN who also performed the global roll-out for Airbus consisting of 13 projects across the globe.
2. INTRODUCTION TO RFID
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a technology that incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency (RF) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal, or a person. It is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data whenever required using devices called RFID Tags or transponders. It is also called Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC).
IRID technology is almost similar to RFID, the main difference being the frequency of operation. In Electromagnetic spectrum, IR frequencies are far higher than freq used for RFID. At IR, path losses are very high, & they can’t penetrate into solid objects, such as boxes to read the tags. Therefore, IRID is more commonly used in imaging applications such as night vision & motion detection. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the use of an object (typically referred to as an RFID tag) applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) waves. Some tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader. Radio-frequency identification comprises interrogators (also known as readers), and tags (also known as labels). Most RFID tags contain at least two parts. One is an integrated circuit for storing and processing information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal, and other specialized functions. The second is an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal. There are generally three types of RFID tags: active RFID tags, which contain a battery and can transmit signals autonomously, passive RFID tags, which have no battery and require an external source to provoke signal transmission, and battery assisted passive (BAP) RFID tags, which require an external source to wake up but have significant higher forward page link capability providing great read range. The EPC Global standard from EPC Global defines four classes of tags as class 1, class 2, class 3 and class 4. Each successive class has higher functionality than the previous one and is also backward compatible. Apart from these four classes, sometimes class 5 is also referred by users in the industry which are nothing but RFID readers.
RFID has many applications, for example, it is used in enterprise supply chain management to improve the efficiency of inventory tracking and management.
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)waves. Some tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader. Radio-frequency identification comprises interrogators (also known as readers), and tags (also known as labels). Most RFID tags contain at least two parts. One is an integrated circuit for storing and processing information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal, and other specialized functions. The second is an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal. There are generally three types of RFID tags: active RFID tags, which contain a battery and can transmit signals autonomously, passive RFID tags, which have no battery and require an external source to provoke signal transmission, and battery assisted passive (BAP) RFID tags, which require an external source to wake up but have significant higher forward page link capability providing great read range.
The EPC Global standard from EPC Global defines four classes of tags as class 1, class 2, class 3 and class 4. Each successive class has higher functionality than the previous one and is also backward compatible. Apart from these four classes, sometimes class 5 is also referred by users in the industry which are nothing but RFID readers.
RFID has many applications, for example, it is used in enterprise supply chain management to improve the efficiency of inventory tracking and management.