08-03-2011, 03:52 PM
presented by:
K.Naveen Kumar
M.Reddy Vikram
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ABSTRACT:
The aim of technology is to make products in a large scale for cheaper prices and increased quality. The current technologies have attained a part of it , but the manufacturing technology is at macro level. The future lies in manufacturing product right from the molecular level. Research in this direction started way back in eighties. At that time manufacturing at molecular and atomic level was laughed about. But due to advent of nanotechnology we have realized it to a certain level. One such product
manufactured is PILL CAMERA, which is used for the treatment of cancer, ulcer and anemia. It has made revolution in the field of medicine
This tiny capsule can pass through our body, without causing any harm it. It takes pictures of our intestine and transmits the same to the receiver of the computer analysis of our digestive system. This process can help tracking any kind of disease related to digestive system. Also we have discussed the drawbacks of PILL CAMERA and how these drawbacks can be overcome by using Grain sized motor and bi-directional wireless telemetry capsule .Besides this we have reviewed the process of manufacturing products using nanotechnology . Some other important applications are also discussed along with their potential impacts on various fields.
INTRODUCTION:
we have made great progress in manufacturing products. Looking back from where we stand now, we started from flint knives and stone tools and reached the stage where we make such tools with more precision than ever. The leap in technology is great but it is not going to stop here. With our present technology we manufacture products by casting, milling, grinding, chipping and the likes. With these technologies we have made more things at a lower cost and greater precision than ever before . In the manufacture of these products we have been arranging atoms in great thundering statistical herds. All of us know manufactured products are made from atoms.The properties of those products depend on how those atoms are arranged. If we rearrange atoms in dirt, water and air we get grass. The next step in manufacturing technology is to manufacture products at molecular level. The technology used to achieve manufacturing at molecular level is “NANOTECHNOLOGY”.
Nanotechnology is the creation of useful materials, devices and system through manipulation of such miniscule matter (nanometer)..Nanotechnology deals with objects measured in nanometers. Nanometer can be visualized as billionth of a meter or millionth of a millimeter or it is 1/80000 width of human hair.
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW:
Manipulation of atoms is first talked about by noble laureate Dr.Richard Feyngman long ago in 1959 at the annual meeting of theAmerican Physical Society at the California institute of technology -
Caltech. and at that time it was laughed about. Nothing was pursued init till 80’s. The concept of nanotechnology is introduced by Drexler in the year 1981 through his article “The Engines of Creation”. In 1990, IBM researchers showed that it is possible to manipulate single atoms. They positioned 35 Xenon atoms on the surface of nickelcrystal, using an atomic force microscopy instrument. These positioned atoms spelled out the letters”IBM”.
MANUFACTURING PRODUCTS USING NANOTECHNOLOGY:
There are three steps to achieving nanotechnology-produced goods:
Atoms are the building blocks for all matter in our Universe. All the products that are manufactured are made from atoms. The properties of those products depend of how those atoms are arranged .for e.g. If we rearrange the atoms in coal we get diamonds, if we rearrange the atoms in sand and add a pinch of impurities we get computer chips. Scientists must be able to manipulate individual atoms. This means that they will have to develop a technique to grab single atoms and move them to desired positions. In 1990, IBM researchers showed this by positioning 35 xenon atoms on the surface of a nickel crystal, using an atomic force microscopy instrument. These positioned atoms spelled out the letters "IBM."
• The next step will be to develop nanoscopic machines, called assemblers, that can be programmed to manipulate atoms and molecules at will. It would take thousands of years for a single assembler to produce any kind of material one atom at a time. Trillions of assemblers will be needed to develop products in a viable time frame.In order to create enough assemblers to build consumer goods, some nanomachines called explicators will be developed using self replication process, will be programmed to build more assemblers. Self replication is a process in which devices whose diameters are of atomic
scales, on the order of nanometers, create copies of themselves. For of self repliction to take place in a constructive manner, three conditions must be met
• The 1st requirement is that each unit be a specialised machine called nanorobot, one of whose functions is to construct atleast one copy of itself during its operational life apart from performing its intended task. An e.g. of self replicating nanorobot is artifical antibody. In addition toreproducing itself, it seeks and destroys disease causing organism.
• The 2nd requirement is existence of all energy and ingredients necessary to build complete copies of nanorobot in question. Ideally the quantities of each ingredient should be such that they are consumed in the correct proportion., if the process is intended to be finite , then when desired number of nanorobots has been constructed , there should be no unused quantities of any ingredient remaining.
• The 3rd requirement is that the environment be controlled so that the
Replication process can proceed efficiently and without malfunctions. Excessive turbulence, temperature extremes, intense
radiation, or other adverse circumstances might prevent the proper functioning of the nanorobot and cause the process to fail or falter. Once nanorobots are made in sufficient numbers, the process of most of the nanorobots is changed from self replication to mass manufacturing of products. The nanorobots are connected and controlled by super computer which has the design details of the product to be
manufactured. These nanorobots now work in tandem and start placing each
molecules of product to b manufactured in the required position.
POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY:
As televisions, airplanes ,computers revolutionized the world in the last century, scientists claim that nanotechnology will have an even more profound effect on the next century. Nanotechnology is likely to change the way almost everything, including medicine, computers and cars, are designed and constructed.
One of the fascinating application of nanotechnology in the field of medicine is in the form of Pill camera. Pill camera has shown to world what wonders miniaturization can workout.
PILL CAMERA
Introduction:
Imagine a vitamin pill-sized camera that could travel through your body taking pictures, helping diagnose a problem which doctor previously would have found only through surgery. No longer is such technology the stuff of science fiction films.
Conventional method:
Currently, standard method of detecting abnormalities in the intestines is through endoscopic examination in which doctors advance a scope down into the small intestine via the mouth. However, these scopes are unable to reach through all of the 20-foot-long small intestine, and thus provide only a partial view of that part of the bowel. With the help of pill camera not only candiagnoses be made for certain conditions routinely missed by other tests, but disorders can be detected at an earlier stage, enabling treatment before complications develop
DESCRIPTION:
The device, called the Given Diagnostic Imaging System, comes in capsule form and contains a camera, lights, transmitter and batteries. The capsule has a clear end that allows the camera to view the lining of the small intestine. Capsule endoscopy consists of a disposable video camera encapsulated into a pill like form that is swallowed with water. The wireless camera takes thousands of high-quality digital images within the body as it passes through the entire length of the small intestine. The latest pill camera is sized at 26*11 mm and is capable of transmitting 50,000 color images during its traversal through the digestive system of patient. Video chip consists of the IC CMOS image sensor which is used to take pictures of intestine .The lamp is used for proper illumination in the intestine for taking photos. Micro actuator acts as memory to store the software code that is the instructions. The antenna is used to transmit the images to the receiver. For the detection of reliable and correct information, capsule should be able to designed to transmit several biomedical signals, such as pH, temp and pressure. This is achieved with the help of Soc.
WORKING:
It is slightly larger than normal capsule. The patient swallows the capsule and the natural muscular waves of the digestive tract propel it forward through stomach, into small intestine, through the large intestine, and then out in the stool. It takes snaps as it glides through digestive tract twice a second. The capsule transmits the images to a data recorder, which is worn on a belt around the patient's waist while going about his or her day as usual. The physician then transfers the stored data to a computer for processing and analysis the complete traversal takes around eight hours and after it has completed taking pictures it comes out of body as excreta.
