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Nanotechnology in diabetes research has facilitated the development of new glucose measurements and insulin delivery modalities that have the potential to dramatically improve the quality of life of diabetics. Recent advances in the field of diabetes research in its interface with nanotechnology is our focus. In particular, we examined glucose sensors with nanoscale components, including metal nanoparticles and carbon nanostructures. The addition of nanoscale components commonly increases the sensitivity of the glucose sensor, the temporal response and can lead to sensors that facilitate continuous in vivo monitoring of glucose. In addition, we examined nano-scale approaches to closed-circuit insulin delivery strategies, which automatically release insulin in response to fluctuating blood glucose levels (BGL). "Closing the cycle" between BGL measurements and insulin administration by eliminating the requirement of patient action has the potential to dramatically improve the health and quality of life of diabetics.