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Project Report
Multi-level Parking Lift

INTRODUCTION
In this project, we show the basic multilevel car parking system with two floors. Although we show the concept with two floors, it is still possible to show this concept on multiple floors. Also, in this project, we will show two floors with 4 sensors on each floor. The lift carries the car to each floor. Along with these 8 sensors, we use two separate sensors for each floor. With the help of these sensors, the lift stops automatically.
When we press a start switch, the lift automatically starts and immediately senses the space in the parking station. If the space is available, the lift will start or stop on particular floor, which is displayed in the LCD. If no space is available, the lift stops and displays the message no space.
If all the spaces are vacant, the lift will park the vehicle on priority basis.

PROJECT HISTORY
The earliest known multi-storey car park was built in 1918. It was built for the Hotel La Salle in Chicago, IL at 215 West Washington Street in the West Loop area of downtown. It was designed by Holabird and Roche. The Hotel La Salle was demolished in 1976, but the parking structure remained because it had been designated as preliminary landmark status and the structure was located several blocks from the hotel it was built to service. The Hotel LaSalle multi-storey was demolished in 2005 after failing to receive landmark status from the city of Chicago.[3] Jupiter Realty Corp. of Chicago is constructing a 49-storey apartment tower in its place,[4] with construction underway as of March 2008.
Automated car parks rely on similar technology that is used for mechanical handling and document retrieval. The driver leaves the car in an entrance module. It is then transported to a parking slot by a robot trolley. For the driver, the process of parking is reduced to leaving the car inside an entrance module.
At peak periods a wait may be involved before entering or leaving. The wait is due to the fact that loading passengers and luggage occurs at the entrance and exit location rather than at the parked stall. This loading blocks the entrance or exit from being available to others. Whether the retrieval of vehicles is faster in an automatic car park or a self park car park depends on the layout and number of exits.

Components Used
S. No. COMPONENT SPECIFICATION
1. STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER 220 TO 9 VOLT AC- 750 MA
2. DIODE IN 4007 ( 2)
3. CAPACITOR 1000MFD(2) 16 VOLT
4. REGULATOR 7805 ( 3 PIN REGULATOR) 1A
5. RESISTOR: FIXED 470 OHM.(3)
10 K OHM (1)
4,7 K (2)
6. REED SENSOR (10)
7. LCD 2 BY 16
8. VARIABLE RESISTOR 4. 7 K OHM
9. OPTOCOUPLER PC 817 (2)
10. NPN TRANSITOR (2) BC 548/547
11. PNP TRANSISTOR(2) BC 558/557
12. DC MOTOR GEAR SLOW SPEED 9-12 VOLT-250 MA
13. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR 12 MHz
14. DISC CAPACITOR 27 PF (2)
15. PUSH TO ON START SWITCH (1)
16. ATMEL MICROCONTROLLER 80951
WORKING PRINCIPLE
FIG.: CIRCUIT OF MULTI STORY CAR PARKING
COMPLETE PROJECT IS TO BE DIVIDED INTO FEW PARTS:

Power Supply:
In this project, we use 5 volt regulated power supply. For this purpose, we use a single step down transformer with full wave rectifier circuit. In the rectifier circuit, we use two diodes as a full wave rectifier. One 1000mfd capacitor is used as a filter capacitor to convert pulsating dc into smooth dc. Output of the rectifier is not regulated, so for regulated power supply we use IC 7805 as a regulator. Output of the 7805 regulator is connected to one led with a resistance in series. LED works as a power indication circuit.
Here the step down transformer used is a center tap transformer. We use center tap transformer in a full wave rectifier circuit.

Sensors:
In this project, we use a reed switch as a sensor. Reed switch is a special magnetic proximity sensor. When this reed sensor is activated by an external magnetic field, the reed sensor is activated automatically. In the reed sensor,
there are two wires inside the glass casing. When an external magnetic field affects the sensor, these plates join together and become short automatically. We use this sensor in our project to sense the position of the car and of the lift on floor. When the lift moves, it searches the reed sensor for stoppage. We paste one magnet with the lift and when the lift move up-wards, then magnet searches the sensor. As the sensor is sensed by the magnet, the lift stops there automatically.
So whenever we want to stop the lift or check the position of the vehicle, we search the magnetic sensor. When any car is parked on the desired position, the sensor activates and provides a signal to the controller. The controller checks the change of voltage on this pin and saves this data for auto sensing logic.
When sensor is active, the port pin becomes more negative and this change of voltage from high to low is our required signal.

Microcontroller interface:
In this project, we use the 8051 controller to interface all the inputs and outputs. In the input device, we use 10 sensors and one start switch. In output, we use one LCD as a display and one motor to move up-ward and down word. The brain inside the controller is to control all these inputs and outputs and perform perfectly. 8051 is basically an INTEL IC but now in these days it is available with many companies. We use ATMEL 89S51 series with advance feature than 8051. ATMEL 89S51 is a 40 pin controller with 128 bytes of ram and 4 k byte of ROM inside. Pin no. 40 of the controller is connected to the positive 5 volt power supply. We provide a 5 volt regulated power supply on this pin. Pin no 9 is the reset pin and this pin is connected to a capacitor and resistor network to provide an auto-reset option, when controller is wake-up. For manually reset, we connect one push to on switch in parallel with the capacitor to provide manual reset option. Pin no. 20 is connected to the ground pin. Pin no. 18 and 19 are connected to the external crystal to provide a constant oscillation to the circuit. Two capacitors are grounded from the crystal pins to provide stabilization. All the reed sensors are connected to port p1 and port p3. First floor parking sensors are connected to the p1.0, p1.1, p1.2, p1.3. These four sensors are related to the first floor sensor. Second floor sensors are p1.4, p1.5, p1.6, p1.7. First floor stoppage sensor is p3.2 and second floor stoppage sensor is p3.3. Start switch of this project is p3.0. On this start switch either we connect a start switch or we connect an infra red sensor. In the case of infra red sensor, when the car enters the parking position, the lift senses automatically and starts.
Motor of the lift is connected to the p2.0 and p2.1. Output of these pins is connected to the opto coupler circuit. Here we use a pc 817 opto coupler to provide an electrical isolation between motor control circuit and micro controller. Output from the controller is connected to the cathode of infra red led through 470 ohm resistor. When controller is on, the infra red led is on due to negative
output from the controller. When infra red LED inside the coupler is on then this light drive the internal phototransistor of the coupler. Output from the coupler is now connected to the H bridge circuit. In the H bridge circuit, we use four transistor circuits with one dc motor. In the H Bridge, we use a four transistor circuit. In this four transistor circuit, two transistors are NPN and two transistors are PNP. With the help of these four transistors, we control the direction of the motor. Not only we control the direction of motor but also, at the same time these transistors share the load of the motor directly.
Port p0 of the controller is connected to the LCD directly. Here we use port p0 with the data pins of the ASCII code. LCD displays only the ASCII code. In the programming, we convert the digital code in to ASCII code by adding 30h in any binary number. So to provide a data in the LCD, we send these codes by the 8 data lines. These data lines from the controller is from the p0.0 to p0.7
P2.5, p2.6, p2.7 is connected to the control pins of the LCD. On this control pin, we select the command register, data register and the enable pin. We use the command and the data register pins to send the data and command separately.

Advantages of Multi-story car parking system:

A city like Delhi has over five million cars and two-wheelers on its roads, but not enough parking spaces. The demand for parking space has, on an average in the main markets of Delhi, outstripped demand by 43 per cent. It is not just a problem of Delhi or Mumbai; all the big cities in India are facing the space crunch. Parking space is fast becoming a major issue in other cities like Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, Pune and other urban and semi-urban cities.
Automatic multi-storey car parks provide lower building cost per parking slot, as they typically require less building volume and less ground area than a conventional facility with the same capacity. However, the cost of the mechanical equipment within the building that is needed to transport cars internally needs to be added to the lower building cost to determine the total costs. Other costs are usually lower too, for example there is no need for an energy intensive ventilating system, since cars are not driven inside and human cashiers or security personnel may not be needed.
A multi-storey car parks offer greatest possible flexibility for the realization of optimum parking solution. A fast parking process in which the driver does not have to maneuver his car or drive backwards, guarantees highest comfort and security. A single lift serves 6 to 12 parking spaces per level taking up a minimum of space. Time-saving vertical and horizontal movements take place simultaneously ensuring fast parking and retrieval times.

Limitations of a multi-storey car parking system:

The subjective analysis has shown that the greatest effects of a Multi-Storey Car Park on Surrounding Residential Blocks are the air and noise pollution caused by the motor vehicles. Parking lots also tend to be subject to contamination with concentrated spots of pollutants such as motor oil.
Also, they often cover large contiguous areas with impermeable paving surface. This means that virtually all of the rain (minus evaporation) that falls becomes runoff. The parking lot must be built to effectively channel and collect runoff. Traditionally, the runoff has been shunted directly into storm sewers, streams, or even sanitary sewers. However, larger municipalities now require retention basins to catch runoff to reduce the stress on sewer systems.
Many areas today also require minimum landscaping in parking lots. This usually principally means the planting of trees to provide shade. Customers have long preferred shaded parking spaces in the summer, but parking lot providers have long been antagonistic to planting trees because of the extra cost of cleaning the parking lot.
Also, the challenges which the developers are facing in implementing these technologies in India include the service backup. The challenge is for the authority is to realize the need and move quickly.

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Automatic Multi-level Car Parking

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SUBMITTED BY:
Rahul Verma (0510133075
Shashank Jain (0510133091)
Shrey Jain (0510133094)
Siddharth Singh (0510133096

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Contents
Automatic Multi-level Parking System
A Schematic Diagram of the Parking System
Abstract
Basic multilevel car parking system with two floors.
Multi floor.
4 sensors on each floor.
Along with these 8 sensors ,separate sensors for each floor.
When we press a start switch then lift is to be on and immediate sense the space in the parking slots
If the space is available then lift start and stop on particular floor, which is displayed in the LCD.
If no space is available.
If all the space are vacant.
Component List
Pin Diagram



Power Supply
In this project we use 5 volt regulated power supply. For this purpose we use one step down transformer with full wave rectifier circuit. In the rectifier circuit we use two diode as a full wave rectifier. One 1000mfd capacitor as a filter capacitor to convert pulsating dc into smooth dc. Output of the rectifier is not regulated, so for regulated power supply we use ic 7805 as a regulator. Output of the 7805 regulator is connected to the one led with resistance in series . Led work as a power indication circuit.
Here step down transformer is a center tap transformer. We use center tap transformer in full wave rectifier circuit.



Sensor
In this project we use reed switch as a sensor. Reed switch is a special magnetic proximity sensor. When this reed sensor is activate by the external magnetic field then reed sensor is activate automatically . In the reed sensor there is two wires inside the glass casing. When external magnetic field is effect the sensor then these plated join together and become short automatically.
We use this sensor in our project to sense the position of the car and position of the lift on floor. When lift move then its searching the reed sensor for stoppage. We paste one magnet with the lift , when lift move up-wards then magnet search the sensor. As the sensor is sensed by the magnet then lift stop there automatically.
So whenever we want to stop the lift or check the position of the vehicle then every time we search the magnetic sensor.
When any car park on the desired position then sensor activate and provide a signal to the controller. Controller check the change of voltage on this pin and save this data for auto sensing logic.




Microcontroller Interface
In this project we use 8051 controller to interface all the inputs and output. In the input device we use 10 sensor, one start switch, and in output we use one lcd as a display and one motor to move up-ward and down word.
The brain inside the controller is to control all these inputs and output and perform perfectally. 8051 is basically a INTEL IC but now in these days is available with many company. We use ATMEL 89s51 series with advance feature than 8051 . ATMEL 89s51 is a 40 pin controller with 128 bytes of ram and 4 k byte of rom inside. Pin no 40 of the controller is connected to the positive 5 volt power supply.
We provide a 5 volt regulated power supply on this pin. Pin no 9 is reset pin and this pin is connected to the one capacitor and resistor network to provide a auto reset option, when controller is wake up .
For manually reset we connect one push to on switch in parallel with the capacitor to provide a manual reset option. Pin no 20 is connected to the ground pin. Pin no 18 and 19 is connected to the external crystal to provide a constant oscillation to the circuit. Two capacitorâ„¢s are grounded from the crystal pins to provide a stabilization. All the reed sensors are connected to the port p1 and port p3. first floor parking sensors are connected to the p1.0,p1.1,p1.2,p1.3, These four sensor related to the first floor sensor. Second floor sensors is p1.4,p1.5,p1.6,p1.7
First floor stoppage sensor is p3.2 and second floor stoppage sensor is p3.3. Start switch of this project is p3.0. On this start switch either we connect a start switch or we connect a infra red sensor . In the case of infra red sensor when car is enter in the parking position then lift sense automatically and start.
Motor of the lift is connected to the p2.0 and p2.1 . Output of these pins is connected to the opto coupler circuit. Here we use pc 817 opto coupler to provide a electrical isolation between motor control circuit and micro controller.
Output from the controller is connected to the cathode of infra red led through 470 ohm resistor. When controller is on then infra red led is on due to negative output from the controller. When infra red led inside the coupler is on then this light drive the internal phototransistor of the coupler.
Output from the coupler is now connected to the H bridge circuit. In the H bridge circuit we use four transistor circuit with one dc motor. In the H bridge we use four transistor circuit. In this four transistor circuit two transistorâ„¢s are NPN and two transistorâ„¢s are PNP .
With the help of these four transistor we control the direction of the motor. Not only control the direction of motor but at the same time these transistor share the load of the motor directly.
Port p0 of the controller is connected to the LCD directly. Here we use port p0 with the data pins of the ASCII code.
LCD display only the ascii code. In the programming we convert the digital code in to ascii code by adding 30h in any binary number. So to provide a data in the lcd we send these code by the 8 data lines.
These data lines from the controller is from the p0.0 to p0.7
P2.5, p2.6,p2.7 is connected to the control pins of the lcd .
On this control pin we select the command register , data register, enable pin.
We use the command the data register pins to send the data and command separately.



Programming
First of all we write our software in the 8051 ide assembler. Here we use 8051 assembler because we wrote our software in the assembly code. We assemble these code in assembler and assembler after asseble the software convert into hex code. Now this hex code is transfer into the blank ic with the help of the serial programmer. In the serial programmer we insert the blank ic on the ZIP socket ( blank ic socket) and select the particular ic in the assembler.
8051 Ide layout
Atmel 8051
Programmer software



Advantages of Multi-story car parking system
Automatic multi-storey car parks provide lower building cost per parking slot, as they typically require less building volume and less ground area than a conventional facility with the same capacity. However, the cost of the mechanical equipment within the building that is needed to transport cars internally needs to be added to the lower building cost to determine the total costs. Other costs are usually lower too, for example there is no need for an energy intensive ventilating system, since cars are not driven inside and human cashiers or security personnel may not be needed.
A multi-storey car parks offer greatest possible flexibility for the realization of optimum parking solution. A fast parking process in which the driver does not have to maneuver his car or drive backwards, guarantees highest comfort and security. A single lift serves 6 to 12 parking spaces per level taking up a minimum of space. Time-saving vertical and horizontal movements take place simultaneously ensuring fast parking and retrieval times.



Limitations of a multi-storey car parking system:
The subjective analysis has shown that the greatest effects of a Multi-Storey Car Park on Surrounding Residential Blocks are the air and noise pollution caused by the motor vehicles. Parking lots also tend to be subject to contamination with concentrated spots of pollutants such as motor oil.
Also, they often cover large contiguous areas with impermeable paving surface. This means that virtually all of the rain (minus evaporation) that falls becomes runoff. The parking lot must be built to effectively channel and collect runoff. Traditionally, the runoff has been shunted directly into storm sewers, streams, or even sanitary sewers. However, larger municipalities now require retention basins to catch runoff to reduce the stress on sewer systems.
Many areas today also require minimum landscaping in parking lots. This usually principally means the planting of trees to provide shade. Customers have long preferred shaded parking spaces in the summer, but parking lot providers have long been antagonistic to planting trees because of the extra cost of cleaning the parking lot


References:
A Brief History of Parking: The Life and After-life of Paving the Planet
Preservation Online: Story of the Week Archives: Car Culture
Preservation Chicago
Chicago Business News, Analysis & Articles | Developer planning 2nd apartment tower downtown | Crain's
BBC NEWS | Scotland | Glasgow, Lanarkshire and West | Consultation over historic garage
Daniele Luttazzi Lepidezze postribolari (2007, Feltrinelli, p.275) (Italian)
Mary Beth Klatt "Car culture"


THANK YOU

multilevel car parking system:

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MULTISTOREYED CAR PARKING SYSTEM

Introduction:
Automatic multistoried car parking system helps to minimize the car parking area. In the modern world, where parking-space has become a very big problem, it has become very important to avoid the wastage of space in modern big companies and apartments etc. In places where more than 100 cars need to be parked, this system proves to be useful in reducing wastage of space. This Automatic Car Parking System enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor and thus reducing the space used. Here any number of cars can be parked according to the requirement. These makes the systems modernized and even a space-saving one. This idea is developed using 8051 Microcontroller.

Basic idea:
A display is provided at the ground floor which is basically a counter that displays number of cars in each floor. It informs whether the floors are fully filled with the cars or is it having place in a particular floor or not. There is facility of lift to carry the car to up and down. Movement of Lift is controlled by stepper motor. An indicator with a green and red LED is kept in all the floors to indicate whether the lift is busy or is it ready to take the car up or down. If the red LED glows that means the lift is already engaged and the person has to wait for the green LED to glow. In this project we have provided three floors of a building for car parking. Maximum storage capacity of each floor is given as 4. Storage capacity can be changed according to the requirement.
When the lift reaches the first floor, the processor compares the filled amount to that of the already fed capacity of that floor, and if it finds that the first floor is fully filled, it goes to the second floor and thus the procedure stops here. As soon as a car is placed in a particular floor, the display counter at the ground floor increments as to indicate the floor capacity has decreased by one. After the lift places the car in a particular floor, it comes back to its normal position and that time, the motor that drives it, also stops. Now processor sends signal to glow GREEN LED indicating that lift is free.
When a person needs to come down from a particular floor to ground floor, he is expected to press the switch placed in that floor. Now switch sends signal to motor that the lift has to be send back to that particular floor and sends a signal to glow RED LED indicating that the lift is busy. As soon as the lift reaches that particular floor car should come inside the lift, the display counter at the ground floor decrements by one as to indicate the floor capacity has increased by one. Lift comes back to its normal position and that time, the motor that drives it, also stops. Now processor sends signal to glow GREEN LED indicating that lift is free.
If there no parking taking place, the processor carries out the job according to the following priority:-
1. It checks whether any car is entered to lift.
2. It checks whether any switch is pressed placed in each floor.
Program is written using 8051 microcontroller. Two 8255 IC's are connected to 8051.

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hi, can you please give me your assembly code in this software and teach me how to assemble these code in assembler? Also, please teach me on how to convert it into hex code. Then how to transfer it into the blank ic with the help of the serial programmer? Also, how to insert the blank ic on the ZIP socket (blank ic socket) and select the particular ic in the assembler? Can you please send to my mailbox or reply here? Thankyou.

email: touya18[at]yahoo.com

good mornin sir! can u send to my email please the code snippets of this system so that i can manipulate the same system project too. i need it very badly sir for my software engineering subject. my course is BSIT and i do not know so much with programming of microcontrollers... ^^

i'm hoping for your positive response.
thank u very much!
God Bless!

here's my email: watchtaker[at]yahoo.com

PRESENTED BY:
KHAIRUNNUR BT MD SHAKRI
NUUR LAILY BT KHAIRUDDIN

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MULTI STOREY CAR PARKING
A multi-storey car park or a parking garage is a building (or part thereof) which is designed specifically to be for automobile parking and where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking takes place
•It is essentially a stacked parking lot
•It is limited to 5 till 6 stories with the total capacity up to 500 cars per lot
•Apply multiple access and exit system to avoid traffic congestion in and out
Criteria for the quality multi storey car parks are;
-safety in use
-clear visibility
-parking-space marking to enable drivers to
remember the location of their vehicles
-integration into the context of town planning
-clear views to the outside
-good natural lighting and ventilation
GENERAL GUIDELINES
•Basement parking
•Appropriate for residential area, apartment, commercial complex, office complex and for area around airport that has building high control limit
•Podium parking
•For medium and high density residential area, plus, office complex. Ground level until level 4 are used for the parking area, while residential unitS, office and other functional spaces are located above the parking level
•Independent building for multi storey car parking
•For all building types that have large and adequate area for parking, such as low cost apartment, trade and city center, park and ride system at LRT station or railway station, bus station, institution, sport complex and mosque
•Normally built separately if the building function is different
•Roof top parking
•Appropriate for shopping complex (less that 5 stories) because it saves cost compared to basement parking
RAMP SYSTEM
1)Clearway parking
•Interfloor travel path completely separated from potentially conflicting parking –unparking movements
•Provide safest movement with least delay
•Preferred for self park design
•Feasible for small garage sites
2) Adjacent parking
•Part or all of ramp travel is performed on access aisles
•Requires less area per parking stall
•Twofold use of travel paths
•Feasible for smaller land parcel
•More susceptible to traffic movement delays
•Has potential in causing accident
1)Opposed ramp design
•Vehicles rotate in the same direction
•Up and down ramps in opposite direction
•Required ramp surfaces to be opposed
•The operation is safer
2) Parallel
•Up and down ramp slope in the same direction
•Ramp surfaces are parallel
•Vehicles must rotate in opposite direction
•Cheaper to construct
PARALLEL
•parallel parking requires experience, confidence, and patience
•Parking spaces (min );
7.5 meters long
2.75 meters wide.
Advantages
•Works well in extremely narrow, linear spaces
•Requires minimum pavement area
Disadvantages
•Difficult maneuvering for most drivers
•Less than ideal visibility of adjacent traffic
•Inefficient use of on-street space

PREPARED BY:
Zinzala Jignesh C

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First multi-level car park
• The earliest known multi-storey car park was built in 1918 for the Hotel La Salle at 215 West Washington Street in the West Loop area of downtown Chicago, Illinois.
• It was designed by Holabird and Roch The Hotel La Salle was demolished in 1976, but the parking structure remained because it had been designated as preliminary landmark status and the structure was located several blocks from the hotel it was built to service.
• The Hotel LaSalle multi-storey was demolished in 2005 after failing to receive landmark status from the city of Chicago Jupiter Realty Corp. of Chicago is constructing a 49-storey apartment tower in its place with construction underway as of March 2008.
Automated parking
• The first historical mention of an automated garage was in a 1931 Popular Mechanics article which featured an underground garage where the car was taken to a parking area by a conveyor then an elevator to shuttles mounted on rails
• Automatic multi-storey car parks provide lower building cost per parking slot, as they typically require less building volume and less ground area than a conventional facility with the same capacity. However, the cost of the mechanical equipment within the building that is needed to transport cars internally needs to be added to the lower building cost to determine the total costs. Other costs are usually lower too, for example there is no need for an energy-intensive ventilating system, since cars are not driven inside and human cashiers or security personnel may not be needed.
Automated car parks rely on similar technology that is used for mechanical handling and document retrieva
MODULAR CAR PARKING
• It happens frequently trying to develop parking planning strategies that the parking demand grows often too quickly, significantly and unexpectedly. Modular steel car parks could be the proper solution if the surface area available is not sufficient and can be just expanded upwards or whenever it is not feasible to build up a multistory parking.
• The development concept of modular car parks is made by the modular assembling method of vertical and horizontal elements (such as columns and beams) with a ceiling made of concrete and tarmac: more modular units can build a parking in different sizes and shake. The dimensions of the ceiling grid in each module is m 5 x 5 o 15 x 5.
• The solution makes possible to develop a parking structure even in case of particular conditions or constraints, such as archaeological sites or city centers, because it allows: -To virtually double the parking surface without leaving any footprint on the ground, as no settlement for excavations or traditional foundations is needed; -To double the parking surface by means of a light steel one deck car park system. -Prefab modular components of the system make each project versatile and suitable both to large and small sized areas. These parking structures are generally demountable and can be relocated so to avoid to make the choice of converting a surface to parking area irrevocably.
• They are conceived as temporary parking facilities for temporary parking demand needs, whenever the parking demand can be managed dinamically and easily integrated into the planning of urban infrastructures. There is actually a number of cases of parking decks which have been demounted after a few years - to give room to the development of permanent, multistory parking structures- and relocated on the surrounding areas to reply efficiently to the local parking demand needs.
Multi Level Car Parking
• A Multi-Level Vehicle Parking System ensures not only safety to the vehicles parked within it, but also ensures creating a Total Pollution Free Environment. It provides a clean, environmentally friendly operation and assures high safety and security for passengers, vehicle and contents. A Modern Multi Level Parking System offers minimum movement of parts and noise. It provides effective maintenance with aircraft type efficiency and reliability at easy and cost efficient operation. Full exploitation of land usage up to 90% is ensured compared to 67% in other comparable systems and other advantages such as,
• Makes best use of available space above and below ground. With less environmental impact it reduces opportunities for theft and burglary.
• Automated Parking is a method of automatically parking and retrieving cars typically using a computerized system of shuttles, lifts, and carriers. Advantages are,
 The hassle of searching for an empty spot would be eliminated.
 Designed to decrease the risk of car theft, vandalism, and physical assault.
 Eliminate the issue of fender benders and car door dents.
 Drivers can retrieve their vehicles from a secure waiting area and are less likely to risk their personal safety.
 Ideal for individuals with limited mobility or special needs.
• Automated Parking allow for flexible usage of land space, which means that the footprint can be reduced to one‐third of the land required by conventional car parking solutions.
• It requires little power lighting and can be built where a typical conventional car park would not fit. Cost‐effective on a number of fronts, automated parking also offers significantly improved service to the customer, the automated parking is reliable technology is manufactured to high tolerances and has few moving parts making maintenance cots low.
• It is economically beneficial to the environment. It would reduce the problem of pollution because the vehicles are not driven through the system, meaning there are fewer emissions. Automated Parking would

[attachment=11972]
MULTISTORIED CAR PARKING
Introduction:
Automatic multistoried car parking system helps to minimize the car parking area. In the modern world, where parking-space has become a very big problem and in the era of miniaturization, it is becoming a very crucial necessity to avoid the wastage of space in modern, big companies and apartments etc. In places where more than 100 cars need to be parked, this system proves to be useful in reducing wastage of space. This Automatic Car Parking System enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor and thus reducing the space used. Here any number of cars can be parked according to the requirement. These makes the systems modernized and even a space-saving one. This idea is developed using 8051 Microcontroller. Here program is written according to this idea using 8051.
Aim of the project:
To implement a prototype system, this is meant for parking number of vehicles in a multi-stored building. This design is based on 8051 microcontroller which plays a major role in the area of Embedded Systems. Embedded System is a combination of H/W & S/W, which has specific requirements and performs pre-defined tasks. It is expected to function with minimal human intervention. It is a time-constrained and often resource-constrained. It can be existed from aerospace to earth.
Embedded Systems characteristics are,
1) Single function.
2) High performance.
3) Safety.
4) Size.
5) Real time oriented.
6) Operated at harsh environments.
7) Easy handling.
OVERVIEW OF CAR PARKING SYSTEM
CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER:
The criteria for choosing a Microcontroller.
1) It should meet the task at hand efficiently and cost efficiently. We must 1st see whether an 8bit, 16bit or 32bit can handle our project task. For this we have to consider its speed, packaging i.e., if it is a DIP(dual in line) or QFP(quad flat package) or some other, power consumption, amount of on chip ROM & RAM, number of I/O pins & timer on chip, cost per unit(i.e., total kit cost).
2) Availability of software development tools such as assembler, debugger, compiler, emulator and technical support to the Microcontroller both on in-side and out-side expertise.
3) Wide availability of Microcontroller which fulfill needed quantities or sources of both now and in future.
In case of 8051, in leading 8-bit Microcontrollers it satisfies all the above mentioned criteria as there are multiple suppliers with same code compatible.
AT89C51 Series:
The Atmel AT89 series is an Intel 8051-compatible family of 8 bit microcontrollers (µCs) manufactured by the Atmel Corporation.
Based on the Intel 8051 core, the AT89 series remains very popular as general purpose microcontrollers, due to their industry standard instruction set, and low unit cost. This allows a great amount of legacy code to reuse without modification in new applications. While considerably less powerful than the newer AT90 series of AVR RISC microcontrollers, new product development has continued with the AT89 series for the aforementioned advantages.
Of more recent times, the AT89 series has been augmented with 8051-cored special function microcontrollers, specifically in the areas of USB, I²C, SPI and CAN bus controllers, MP3 decoders and hardware PWM.
It is a programmable IC. Here we are using one of the version of 8051 microcontroller i.e., AT89C51 which is Flash Programmable IC. AT represents the Atmel Corporation, C represents CMOS technology is used for designing the IC. This IC is programmed in EmbC language.

Sir,

I required Multilevel car Parking presentation in detailed architecture view.


Thanks & Regards
Anjali

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1.0 Introduction
1.1 General
A multi-storey car park (also called a parking garage, parking structure, parking ramp, or parking deck) is a structure designed specifically to be for automobile parking and where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking takes place. It is essentially a stacked car park.
One of the problems created by the road traffic is parking. Vehicles do require street space to park the vehicles and the occupants can be loaded and unloaded .It is roughly estimated that out of 8760 hours in a year, the car runs on an average for only 400 hours, leaving 8360 hours when it is parked. Every car owner would wish to park the car as closely as possible to his destination so as to minimize his walking. This results in a great demand for parking space in the Central Business District (CBD) and the other areas where the activities are concentrated.
A systematic study of the parking characteristics and demand regulatory measures that are possible for controlling parking is of great help to a traffic Engineer or a town planner.
1.2 Parking Studies:
Studies must be conducted to collect the required information about the capacity and use of existing parking facilities. In addition, information about the demand for parking is needed. Parking studies may be restricted to a particular traffic producer or attractor, such as a store, or they may encompass an entire region, such as a central business district. Before parking studies can be initiated, the study area must be defined.
Parking demand is particularly high in industrial, commercial and residential places with multistoried building, Parking studies are useful to evaluate the facilities available.
Various aspects to be studied during parking studies are:
1. Parking Demand:
The parking demand may be evaluated by different methods. One of the methods is by making cordon counts of selected area and recording accumulation of vehicles during peak hours by subtracting the outgoing traffic from the traffic volume entering the cordoned area. Another method is to count the number of vehicles parked in the area under the study during different periods of the day. This method is useful when the parking demand is less than the space available for parking. By noting the registration number of each parked vehicle at any desired time interval (such as 30 minute, one hour, etc) it is possible to estimate the duration of parking of each vehicle at the parking area.
Another useful method of field study is by interviewing the drivers of parked vehicles, shop owner and vehicle owner of the locality. This method is very useful when the parking demand in the study area is higher than the parking space available.
2. Parking Characteristics:
The study is directed to note the present parking practices prevalent in the area under consideration and the general problems under parking. In case of kerb parking it is also necessary to study the parking pattern, interference to smooth flow of traffic and the accidents involved during parking and un-parking operations.
3. Parking space inventory:
The area under study is fully surveyed and a map is prepared showing all places where kerb parking and off-street parking facilities can be provided to meet the parking demands. The traffic Engineer has to strike a balance between capacity and parking demands and to design proper facilities for parking.
1.3 Types of Parking:
In cities the problem of parking vehicles is becoming more and more acute day by day. When vehicles are parked on the roadside, even for a short while there is restriction to other vehicles passing by, resulting in congestion and accidents. In shopping centers, public places of parking facilities are essential in cities and towns.
Parking facilities may be divided into two types:
1. On-Street or Kerb Parking
In this type of parking vehicles are parked on the kerb, which may be designed for parking. Kerb parking is quite convenient for those who find a suitable place near the place where they wish to stop, not for others who cannot find a parking space it is a problem and often they have to park their vehicles at a far off place and walk down to the destination. The main draw back of this type of parking is that it causes the congestion to the moving vehicles.
On-street parking is a key factor in promoting businesses in cities, particularly within central business districts. As a type of shared parking, on-street parking is an efficient means for allowing multiple users to reach multiple destinations. On-street parking utilizes less land per space than off-street parking and provides easy access to businesses located on city streets. For pedestrians, on-street parking creates a buffer between moving traffic and individuals walking on the sidewalks, providing a measure of safety and reducing the level of perceived noise. Pay and display machine can be used at busy commercial areas, golf courses, private road tolls, boat clubs and cinema halls.
2. Off street parking:
It is a type of Parking where parking facilities are provided away from the kerb in a separate area.
Off Street Parking is parking of vehicles in a convenient and protected area controlled by automated entry and exit gate. Parking can be done either in vacant space outside or building basement. User comes to the entry gate and collects the ticket from the ticket dispenser, once the ticket is taken; the barrier gate opens automatically for the entry into parking lot. At the exit the ticket is validated by computerized manual pay station. Once the payment is made the exit barrier opens for exit.
Off street parking projects are implemented at Hospitals, Housing complex, Office Complex, Shopping Malls, Cineplex’s and all public utilities like Airports, Railway stations, Auditoriums and Trade fair.
Off street parking gives the following benefits to the customer:
• Quick and effortless parking for pick up and drop off
• Pay only for the time duration
• Safety and security for vehicles and passengers
• More parking bays for the genuine parkers
1.4 Common Methods of ON-Street Parking.
1. Parallel parking
2. 30 degree angle parking
3. 45 degree angle parking
4. 60 degree angle parking.
5. Right angled parking.
Fig 1(a) 45 degree angle parking
Standard dimensions for 45 degree angle parking are
Description Dimension
Parking space width 2.75 mts
Parking space length 6.00 mts
Driving aisle width (1-way) 4.5 mts
Two rows plus aisle width 14 mts
Vehicles per 100 linear meter double row 52.5
Fig 1(b) Lay out of 30 degree angle Parking
Fig 1© Layout of various angles of Parking
Parallel parking consumes the maximum curb length which decreases as the angle of parking increases. The minimum curb length is consumed by the right angle parking, which accommodates nearly 2 times the number of vehicles as parallel parking.
On the other hand parallel parking makes less use of the width of the street and this is an important consideration in the narrow streets. As the parking angle increases the width of the street used also increases.
From the point of view of maneuverability, angle parking seems to be better than parallel parking which usually involves a backing motion. Delay to traffic is minimum with angle parking. As regards safety, it has been noticed that angle parking is more hazardous than parallel parking.
Considering the above, it is recommended that in general parallel parking should be favored on streets. On exceptionally wide (wider than 20m) and low volume streets, consideration might be given for angle parking.

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