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1.INTRODUCTION
1.1EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
An Embedded system is a combination of computer hardware, software and additional mechanical parts designed to perform a specific function. An example is the microwave oven. It is hardly realized that the oven actually consists of a processor and the software running inside. Another example is the TV remote control. Very few actually realize that there is a microcontroller inside that runs a set of programs especially for the TV. Automatic Anesthesia Injector system is also an application of embedded technologies in which a microcontroller is used to control the entire device.
1.2MICROCONTROLLER:
A Microcontroller is a general-purpose device that is meant to read data, perform limited calculations on that data and control its environment based on those calculations. The prime use of a microcontroller is to control the operation of a machine using a fixed program that is stored in ROM and that does not change over the lifetime of the system. A microcontroller is a highly integrated chip that includes all or most of the parts needed for a controller in a single chip. The microcontroller could be rightly called a one-chip solution.
1.3MICRO CONTROLLER Vs MICRO PROCESSOR:
If a system is developed with a microprocessor, the designer has to go for external memory such as RAM, ROM or EPROM and peripherals and hence the size of the PCB will be large to hold all the required peripherals. But, the micro controller has got all these peripheral facilities on a single chip and hence development of similar system with micro controller reduces PCB size and the overall cost of the design.The difference between a Microprocessor and Microcontroller is that a Microprocessor can only process with the data, but Microcontroller can control external device in addition to processing the data. If a device has to be switched “ON” or “OFF”, external ICs are needed to do this work. But with Microcontroller the device can be directly controlled without an IC. A Microcontroller often deals with bits, not bytes as in the real world application, for example switch contracts can be open or close, indicators should be lit or dark and motors can be either turned on or off and so forth.
1.4AUTOMATIC ANESTHESIA INJECTOR (AAI):
Major operations are performed to remove or reconstruct the infected parts in the human body. These operations will lead to blood loss and pain. Therefore it is necessary to arrest the pain and the blood loss. Anesthesia plays an important role in the part of painkilling .AAI can be defined as “Automatic administration of anesthesia based on the bio-medical parameters of the patient, eliminating future side effects and the need for an anesthetist.”
Anesthesia is very essential in performing painless surgery and so an Automatic administration of Anesthesia is needed for a successful surgery.
1.5PRESENT SYSTEM USED:
At present anesthetist controlled manual operation is employed, which may cause many difficulties such as,
Level of anesthesia may get varied and there is a chance of getting side effects in future.
If suppose the anesthetist fails to administer the level of anesthesia during the predetermined period, the patient may be disturbed during the operation.
Other systems developed to administer anesthesia operates by sensing the consciousness level of the patient and not by measuring his overall body conditions
2.PROPOSED SYSTEM
Now days, embedded systems are used in many applications in medical field for controlling various biomedical parameters. In this design, a micro-controller is used for controlling the anesthesia machine automatically, depending upon the various biomedical parameters such as body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate etc.
Major operations are performed to remove or reconstruct the infected parts in the human body. These operations lead to blood loss and pain. Therefore it is necessary to arrest the pain and the blood loss. Anesthesia plays important role in the part of painkilling. Hence, anesthesia is very essential in performing painless surgery. Advantages of using the proposed system are,
The need for an anesthetist is eliminated.
Level of anesthesia is not varied, so the future side effects are eliminated.
IR detector is also included in the system for monitoring the total anesthesia level for the entire period of the surgery time.
3.BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.1WORKING OF THE SYSTEM:
By using the keypad provided along with the Microcontroller, the anesthetist can set the level of anesthesia to be administered to the patient in terms of milliliters per hour (1ml to 1000ml).After receiving the anesthesia level from the keypad, the Microcontroller sets the system to administer anesthesia to the prescribed level. It then analyses various bio-medical parameters obtained from the sensors to determine the direction of rotation of the stepper motor.
The rotation of the stepper motor causes the Infusion Pump to move in forward or in a backward direction and the anesthesia provided in the syringe is injected into the body of the patient. If the level of anesthesia is decreased to lower level than the set value, the alarm gets activated to alert the anesthetist to refill the anesthesia in the syringe pump to continue the process. In this design, the total timing and opposite flow of blood will also be detected by using Micro Controller.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR THE SYSTEM:
 Temperature Sensor – to measure body temperature
 Respiration Sensor – to measure respiration.
 Heart Beat Sensor – to measure heartbeat
 Micro-Controller – to Control the overall operation
 Stepper Motor – to control the movement of the Syringe Infusion Pump
 A/D Converter – to convert the analog information in to a digital format.
3.2MEASUREMENT OF BIO-MEDICAL PARAMETERS:
The measurement of bio-medical parameters is a vital process. These parameters determine the overall condition of the patient. It plays a very significant process in the level of anesthesia that has to be administered to the patient. Only based on these parameters the movement of the stepper motor is determined. Transducers and Thermistors are the key links in all sensors designed to describe and analyze the bio-medical parameters. The transducers used here are just those that find applications in patient monitoring systems and experimental work on four parameters namely blood pressure, temperature, pulse and respiratory activity. Both transducers and thermistors are made in a wide variety of forms suitable for use in medical applications. They are available as
wafers for applying on the skin surfaces
tiny beads for inserting into the tissues