Measuring the Performance of IEEE 802.11p Using ns-2 Simulator for Vehicular Networks
#1

Abstract
The 802.11p protocol, also known as Wireless
Access for the Vehicular Environment (WAVE), has recently
gained momentum in the area of research and development.
The WAVE protocol provides enhancements to the physical
(PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layers of the existing
802.11 wireless standards. These enhancements are required to
support the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) initiatives
of the US Department of Transportation regarding vehicle-tovehicle,
vehicle-to-infrastructure, and infrastructure-to-vehicle
communication. Many research groups have contributed to the
development of the protocol. Many of the same individuals
have worked to extend the ns-2 network simulator to correctly
simulate wireless mobile networking, specifically Vehicle
AdHoc Networks (VANETs). The objective of this research
project is to measure the performance of the WAVE protocol at
the MAC layer, using the ns-2 simulator. Specifically, the
simulations measure aggregate throughput, average delay, and
packet loss metrics.
Index Terms — Vehicular networks, simulation, modeling,
traffic management, 802.11p, WAVE
I. INTRODUCTION
1 The US Department of Transportation is currently
working on initiatives for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicleto-
infrastructure (V2I), and infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V)
communication known as Intelligent Transportation Systems
(ITS). Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environment
(WAVE) is an integral part of this research and development.
The “main goal of using communication technology in
vehicles is to improve passenger safety and reduce
fatalities”, which is done by broadcasting vehicular
intentions and actions to other vehicles in the surrounding
power range [1]. These transmissions can be relevant to
safety/driving information as well as having other
infotainment possibilities (with priority on the safety/driving
information).
WAVE, or 802.11p, is a standard which provides
enhancements to the physical (PHY) and medium access
control (MAC) layers of the 802.11 protocol. The PHY
layer uses seven 10 MHz channels in the 5.9GHz band,
comprised of one control channel and six service channels.
This work was partly supported by the National Science Foundation
under Grant No. 0716527, Michigan Space Grant Consortium Research
Seed Grant, and Oakland University Faculty Research Fellowship (FRF).
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in
this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views
of the National Science Foundation. The authors are with Oakland
University, Rochester Hills, MI, 48309, USA. The authors may be reached
by email: fu[at]oakland.edu, phone: 248-370-4456, or fax: 248-370-4625.
The MAC layer in WAVE is identical to the IEEE 802.11e
Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) Quality of
Service (QoS) extension [7].
While WAVE is designed to support multiple channels
and prioritization of messages using Access Categories
(ACs), the current implementation of ns-2 does not support
channel management functions. Our simulation uses nodes
which are configured to broadcast 500 byte messages, at 1
second intervals, on one of the WAVE service channels (CH
176) at 5.880 GHz. Adding channel management functions
to ns-2, and measuring the performance of WAVE operating
between channels, would be an interesting extension of our
current research.
We used a combination of the latest network simulation
tool ns-2 (version 2.31 with modified PHY and MAC
support [4][5]), C++, TCL and AWK to simulate and analyze
a WAVE environment of 2-200 vehicles with varying intervehicle
distances (5, 12, 19, and 26 meters) moving at
varying speeds (0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 km/h). For each
combination of the variable parameters we executed twenty
runs of the simulator to obtain an average. We used the
average output of these five-second simulation iterations to
develop an analysis of aggregate throughput, average delay,
and packet loss statistics.
We hope to have furthered the research on WAVE and the
802.11p protocol with this project. We have supplied some
initial analysis on the effect of varying speed and vehicle
density (number of vehicles and the distance between each
vehicle) that can be expanded upon by including other
factors such as multi-channel operation and other road
configuration scenarios.
The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. In
Section II we explain how we used ns-2, C++, TCL, and
AWK to implement and analyze our simulations. In Section
III we provide an analysis of the performance evaluation of
IEEE 802.11p. In Section IV we further discuss the related
works and further reading on the WAVE topic. Finally, we
conclude in Section V.

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if any new future concept to implement vanet secure navigation
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