INOVATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT TREATMENT IN PAPER INDUSTRY
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PRESENTED BY;
Bhupen Rawat

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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

The chosed raw material and the process of manufacturing used determines characteristics not only of paper and pulp produced but also of waste water effluents.
1.1 Raw material :-
The study of raw material especially important when analyzing the waste water because at the end of process the water contain the part of these materials. Usually the great majority of papers are manufactured from wood and remainder are from agricultural waste. The wood as a raw material is source of cellulose fibre, cellulose is the main material for the paper production. The composition of wood varies a lot depending upon the tree, the geographical location where it has grown on it even varies with the time of the year.
(a). Structural Substances:-
The main chemical constituents of all wood species are cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin.
i. Cellulose and hemi cellulose are the carbohydrates and difference between them is that cellulose is a poly-dispersed linear homo-polysaccharides where hemicelluloses is a linear hetero-polysaccharides. It is considered that on average two-third of dry matter of wood is composed of polysaccharide i.e. cellulose and various hemi-cellulose. The cellulose content varies between 40% and 45% of the dry solids whereas the content of hemicelluloses is typical in the range of 25% - 35% of the wood dry solid.
ii. Lignin is an amorphous polymer with a high contents of functional group that allows a widely range on linkage between the lignin and some carbohydrate. Although it is evident that physical and chemical interaction occurs between lignin and carbohydrates it has been difficult to verify the precise type and amount of chemical linkages. However lignin non only cationic chemical used in paper making causing a negative effects on the brightness and strength of paper.
(b).Non-structural substances:
This group includes certain less common substances of low molecular weight. The most important representative are extraction and inorganic compounds. Extraction comprises a large number of substances that normally imparts color, odor, and taste to wood. Wood extractives can be classified into two groups. Organic extractives and water soluble polysaccharides called ‘gums’. Inorganic compounds occupy between 0.1 and 5% of the dry solids and can effects the waste water quality in the way that they involves an increase in quantity of the suspended solids and consequently an increase of turbidity. The most representative compounds of this group are salts (carbonates, silicates oxalates phosphates and sulphates) and oxides.
1.2 Manufacturing process:-
In general papers is manufactured by applying a liquid suspension of cellulose fibre to a screen which allows the water to drain and leaves the fibrous particle behind in a sheet. This liquid fibrous substrate formed into the paper sheet is called pulp. Once the pulp is prepared then it is treated with chemical to remove lignin. After removing the lignin and impurities fibers are separated for bleaching purposes to improve the brightness and strength. Some time pulp can be combine with dyes strength building resins. Afterwards the mixture is dewatered and leaving the constituents and pulp on wire or wire mesh. The fibers bond together as they pass through a series of presses and heated roll.
Within a paper mill, the fresh water is used for the following purposes:
• As cleaning water for the paper machine (wire and felt cleaning).
• As sealing water and confining water in stuffing boxes, suction boxes and cleaners.
• As a solvent and dispersant for fillers and additives.
• As raw material in the operations of whitening, washing and in hydrolysis reactions.
So water is excessively used in paper industry. This industry is the third largest consumer of water.
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY

The rapid increase in population and economic development has led to severe environmental degradation that undermines the environmental resource base upon which sustainable development depends. The economics of environmental pollution,depletion and degradation of resources has in fact been neglected as compared to the issues of growth and expansion.
Pulp and paper are manufactured from raw materials containing cellulose fibers, generally wood, recycled paper, and agricultural residues. In developing countries, about 60% of cellulose fibers originate from nonwood raw materials such as bagasse (sugar cane fibers), cereal straw, bamboo, reeds, esparto grass, jute, flax, and sisal.
The Indian paper industry
The Indian paper industry accounts for about 1.6% of the world’s production of paper and paperboard, and is expected to grow with an annual rate of 6%–7% in near future. This sector provides employment to about 3.5 million people directly and indirectly.
The paper consumption in India is about 7 kg per capita as against the world average of 50 kg per capita (CPPRI 2007). There are 666 pulp and paper mills with installed capacity of 9.5 MT and production of 6.5 MT of paper and paperboard, and 0.9 MT of newsprint. The paper production can be classified on the basis of raw material—forest based (32%), non-wood based (30%), and waste paper based (38%). The large mills utilize, mainly, hardwood and bamboo, while the smaller ones use agro residue such as bagasse, wheat and rice straw, jute, and recycled fibres.
The demand for paper and board in India will certainly continue to grow as the country’s economy develops over the coming decades. Per capita consumption is expected to rise from the present 2.5 kg to 4 kg by the year 2000. This figure is still rather low compared with consumption per capita in many industrialized countries. Total production of paper and board in India is predicted to rise in the next six years from 2.2 million to 4 million one . Like other industries, paper production requires an assured supply of raw materials. Given the current pressure on forests, the wood-based resources traditionally used will become increasingly scarce and uneconomical.
Water Pollution from Paper Industries:
India receives an average annual rainfall equivalent of about 4000 cubic one eters.This is unevenly distributed across different parts of the country and most of the rainfall is confined to the monsoon season, from June to September. The problem of fresh water pollution in India came to the forefront towards thebeginning of 1970’s with the domestic sewage and industrial waste discharges being the most critical sources of pollution in cities. This resulted in the promulgation of theWater (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and establishment of the National Water Quality Network in 1979.
Water is used excessively in the paper and pulp industries, The industry is the third largest consumer of water. Also, fresh water consumption by this sector is quite high (about 150 m3/ one of product). As per the 2001 data, the paper and pulp industry consumes huge amount of water, to the tune of about 905.8 million m3, In India, huge variation was found in water consumption in different types of mills, depending on the raw material used, operational scale, and end product. For a largescale, wood- and waste-paper-based industry, the consumption varied between 67 m3/ one and 80 m3/ one of product, for a mediumscale agro- and waste-paper-based industry, it
varied between 47 m3/ one and 80 m3/ one, and for small-scale agro- and waste-paper based industry, it varied between 93 m3/tone and 110 m3/ one of product. Clearly, water
consumption in the Indian paper and pulp industry remained higher as compared to other
developed countries. As per the 2001 data, the paper and pulp industry consumes huge amount of water, to the tune of about 905.8 million m3, and about 695.7 million m3 of waster is discharged annually as waste water.
Wastewaters are discharged at a rate of 20–250 cubic meters per metric ton (m3/t) of ADP. They are high in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), at 10–40 kg/t of ADP; total suspended solids, 10–50 kg/t of ADP; chemical oxygen demand (COD), 20–200 kg/t of ADP; and other adsorbable organic halides, AOX, at 0–4 kg/t of ADP.
This waste water contains various toxic chemicals like VOCs (volatile organic compounds) such as terpenes, alcohols, phenols, methanol, acetone, chloroform, methyl ethyl ketone; detergents and surfactants; dyes and pigments; acids; and alkaline solutions.
The effluent is rich in thiols, sulphur dioxide, sulphites and sulphides, fibres, and resins; bleaching agents such as hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide, and caustic soda; and whitening agents such as kaolin, calcium carbonate, talc, and titanium dioxide. These chemicals also get accumulated in fish, which in turn are consumed by humans, birds, and animals like otter and mink, thus entering the food chain in the process. Chlorine is used in the bleaching process. When the chlorine atoms react with the organic matter present in the pulp, they form organo-chloride compounds known as dioxins and furans. These chemical compounds are toxic, carcinogenic, and highly persistent in nature. They have a tendency to accumulate in soil sediments as well as biological tissues, leading to biological accumulation.
The waste water must be suitably treated before being discharged into rivers, lakes and other water bodies, according to the US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).
Air Pollution
Pulp and paper mills are large sources of standard air pollutants, such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, sulfur dioxides, carbon monoxides and particulates. These contribute to ozone warnings, acid rain, global warming and respiratory problems. Many of the mills are large enough to have their own coal-fired power plants, raising additional concerns about mercury, arsenic and radioactive emissions.
Solid Waste
Paper making generally produces a large amount of solid waste. Paper fibers can be recycled only a limited number of times before they become too short or weak to make high quality paper. This means the broken, low- quality fibers are separated out to become waste sludge. All the inks, dyes, coatings, pigments, staples and “stickies” (tape, plastic films, etc.) are also washed off the recycled fibers to join the waste solids. The shiney finish on glossy magazine-type paper is produced using a fine kaolin clay coating, which also becomes solid waste during recycling. These paper mill sludges consume a large percentage of our local landfill space each year. Worse yet, some of the wastes are landspread on cropland as a disposal technique, raising concerns about trace contaminants building up in soil or running off into area lakes and streams. Some companies burn their sludge in incinerators, contributing to our serious air pollution problems.
CHAPTER-3
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The paper industry is one of the key industrial sectors in India. However, the domestic per capita consumption of paper and board in the country is very low at 6 kilograms (kg) compared to South Asian and world average of 11 and 53 kg, respectively . The pulp and paper industry in India has a tremendous growth potential, which is currently estimated at 8% per annum. But with the existing resources, have projected a shortage of about 0.7 million tonnes per annum by 2010.
At present several problems impede the future growth prospects of Indian paper industry . These are: (i) increase in literacy rates, rapidly growing urbanization and increasing economic growth put tremendous pressure on the limited resources available, (ii) lack of raw material viz. wood; as forest cover is not an abundant resource in India. In 1993 only 19.5% of the total land surface was covered with forest. This forest cover is decreasing rapidly at an annual rate of 0.6%, (iii) low productivity of Indian forests, i.e. Indian forests grow at maximum rate of 0.5m3 per hectare as compared to 2.5m3 per hectare in Europe and USA, (iv) energy consumption is relatively higher than the international standard, due to interruptions in production, poor quality of fuel and equipment and relatively low rate of utilization of waste paper in the production. The study on physical composition municipal solid waste collected in some of the Indian cities by Kumar et al.reveals that the proportion of plastic and paper in waste generated are very significant and needs immediate attention in order to reduce environmental pollutants. Recycling provides a better option to reduce paper and plastics wastes. However, the inherent complexity of various priorities in wastepaper recycling system like waste composition (or segregation at source), waste recovery quantity and the total relevant reverse logistics cost may cause additional difficulties in decision making. While the task of manufacturing recycled paper at a lower reverse logistics costs may be an important objective, trade-offs among quality of recycled paper, wastepaper recovery as a social responsibility and other factors may need to be incorporated in an optimization process. GP was found to be an efficient tool for such an analysis compared to other mathematical programming techniques. A mixed integer goal programming (MIGP) model has been proposed for a reverse distribution network facility location problem. The model can be used in the analysis of tradeoff between the achievements of goals in different combinatorial strategies
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