[attachment=12857]
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The main aim of project is to implement radar using ultrasonic.The ultrasonic transmitter in the aerodrome will transmit the signals in the 360-degree circle, these signals will reflect back to the receiver when the airplane comes on transmitting line. The Direction Sensor gives the direction, which is sent to the microcontroller, which in turn sends to Computer through serial port. For communication between Computer and Microcontroller RS232 Converter is used. Microcontroller sends the Direction and the distance to the PC. In PC side the front end is designed in such a way that we can see the plot distance between and airplane and aerodrome. In an ultrasonic intrusion detection system, a constant, high frequency acoustic signal is transmitted by a group of transducers. The ultrasound waves flood the protected area. Receiving transducers monitor the ultrasound reflected by objects in the protected zone. If anything moves, it produces a change in the phase of some of the reflected waves. This phase change is detected by sensitive electronic circuits, which send signals to an alarm or dispatch center.
WORKING
Sensors are placed at the signal point. According to the traffic level, end point will calculate by the end user and at the end point also sensors are placed to check the heavy traffic. When a signal jump is detected by the signal point sensors, immediately the CMOS camera will turn ON and the snap of the vehicle which is jumping the signal is taken. Snap of the signal jumped vehicle will be stored in PC. When the end point sensor is detected, all other signals will be turned OFF and the current signal which is detected for heavy traffic will clear. Also when an ambulance which is having IR transmitter that is used to indicate its presence is detected, all other signals will be turned OFF and paving the way to the ambulance. In ambulance IR transmitter is placed to indicate its presence. According to the time settings the signal will work. Visual Basic application is used for storing of the signal jumped vehicle.
1.2 PRINCIPLE OF OUR PROJECT
The main aim of this project is to determine the distance between target and source.
1.3 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Embedded systems have grown tremendously in recent years, not only in their popularity but also in their complexity. Gadgets are increasingly becoming intelligent and autonomous. Refrigerators, air-conditioners, automobiles, mobile phones etc are some of the common examples of devices with built in intelligence. These devices function based on operating and environmental parameters.
The intelligence of smart devices resides in embedded systems. An embedded system, in general, in cooperates hardware, operating systems, low-level software binding the operating system and peripheral devices, and communication software to enable the device to perform the pre-defined functions. An embedded system performs.
Let us take a detailed look at these features of embedded systems:
• Single functioned: An embedded system executes a specific program repeatedly. For example, a pager is always a pager. In contrast a desktop system executes a variety of programs like spreadsheets, word processors, etc. However there are exceptions where in an embedded system’s program is updated with newer program versions. Cell phones are examples of being updated in such a manner.
• Tightly constrained: All computing systems have constraints on design metrics but those on embedded systems can be especially tight. A design metric is a measure of an implementation’s features, such as cost, size performance and power.
• Reactive and real time: Many embedded systems must continually react to changes in the system’s environment and must compute certain results in real time without delay.
Embedded hardware
All embedded systems need a microprocessor, and the kinds of microprocessors used in them are quite varied. A list of some of the common microprocessor families is the ZILOG Z8 family, Intel 805/80188/x86 family, Motorola 68k family and the PowerPC family.
Embedded software
The software for the embedded systems is called firmware. The firmware will be written in assembly languages for time or resource critical operations or using higher-level languages like C or embedded C. The software will be simulated using micro code simulators for the target processor. Since they are supposed to perform only specific tasks these programs are stored in Read Only Memories (ROM’s).
Peripherals
Embedded Systems talk with the outside world via peripherals, such as:
• Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI): RS-232, RS-422, RS-485 etc
• Synchronous Serial Communication Interface: I2C, JTAG, SPI, SSC and ESSI
• Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• Networks: Ethernet, Controller Area Network, Lan Works, etc
• Timers: PLL(s), Capture/Compare and Time Processing Units
• Discrete IO: aka General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO)
• Analog to Digital/Digital to Analog (ADC/DAC)
Fig 1.1 Possible organization for an embedded system
In addition to the CPU and memory hierarchy, there are a variety of interfaces that enable the system to measure, manipulate, and otherwise interact with the external environment. Some differences with desktop computing may be:
• The human interface may be as simple as a flashing light or as complicated as real-time robotic vision. not just for diagnosing the computer.
• Special-purpose field programmable (FPGA), application specific (ASIC), or even non-digital hardware may be used to increase performance or safety.
• Software often has a fixed function, and is specific to the application
Application areas for embedded systems
Embedded software is present in almost every electronic device you use today. There is embedded software inside your watch, cellular phone, automobile, thermostats, Industrial control equipment and scientific and medical equipment. Defense services use embedded software to guide missiles and detect aircraft’s. Communication satellites, medical instruments and deep space probes would have been nearly impossible without these systems. Embedded systems cover such as broad range of products that generalization is difficult.
Here are some broad categories.
• Aerospace and Defense Electronics (ADE)
• Consumer/Internet applications
• Data Communications
• Digital imaging
• Medical electronic Mobile data infrastructures.