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INTRODUCTION
Theme/Abstract of the Project
Our project “G.P.S based Location indicating system in Unmanned Automobiles” is a remote sensing system. Using this system we can detect any sort of location of a moving object irrespective of an communication channel like GSM or CDMA or RF.
Let us take the example of a Automobile in a remote area when there is no GSM or any other channel. This system which is connected with a GPS receiver can obtain data from the GPS receivers and then can be interfaced with a controller to find out the Location of that particular object.
In proposed system we are including a general interface controller which can have the connection to most of the GPS vendors .The software is developed in such way that there is no conflict between map of software and it’s Latitude longitude Altitude(LLA). The software is compatible with all the GPS vendor hardware. General interface controller is built with 8 bit Micro controller AT89C51 and the other circuitry, which have automatic baud rate detection and setting.
In this project we are designing a general interfacing circuit with a microcontroller which interface with PC using RS 232 cable, and separate map detection software is written wherein it point outs the object on the created map.
Major Technologies Hardware/Software Implemented
• Global Positioning System(GPS) Receiver.
• Embedded-Controller Architecture and Programming.
• Embedded C.
• Embedded Integrated Development Environment. 
Basis of Project
Title: “G.P.S based Location indicating system in Unmanned Automobiles
Embedded systems are designed to run without user intervention, often for years on end. Embedded software may also be designed to act like a replacement for electronic hardware & just be a working component of a non-computer machine.
Ex: Software inside Toasters, Cars, Video Payers, DVD Players, Burger Alarms, Missile Detection & Defense Systems, Telecommunication & many more besides.
The goal of this project is to Locate the position of a particular automobile traveling in a remote area and then intimate the person in it the location of it.
In this Project we propose & discuss about the Hardware design and the Code that implemented in this application.
Aim
To Intimate any location with Latitude, longitude and Altitude to any other Mobile using a GPS receiver for designing Geographical MAPS.
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
An Embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function.
Embedded systems are usually a part of larger, complex system. Dedicated applications, designed to execute specific activities, are implemented and embedded in systems. These embedded applications are required to collaborate with the other components of an enclosed system. Embedded application components interact mostly with the non-human external environment. They continuously collect data from sensors or other computer components and process data within real-time constraints. Embedded systems are usually associated with dedicated hardware and specific software.
• Embedding an application into system
• Application and system are closely tied together
• Collaborative application
• Dedicated H/W and specific S/W
• Interaction with non-human external environment
• Real-time systems are embedded systems
GPS TECHNOLOGY
The advancement in the communication technology, digital imaging, Mobile communication, position control and navigation monitoring becomes a important criteria for new technological innovations. The Global positioning system is a space based radio positioning, navigation and time transfer system which operates at all times of the day, under all weather conditions and everywhere on or near Earth.
GPS consists of three segments viz., space, control and the user. The space segment is the set of 24 satellites orbiting the earth once in 12 hours in six orbital planes with four satellites in each orbital plane. Control segment based at four locations on the earth monitors and controls the satellites. User segment is the Global Positioning System Receivers (GPSR) used by large number users all over the world. GPSR provides accurate and absolute position, velocity and time.
Many vendors give this to GPSR each got their own interfacings with PC, for data transfer to measure accurate position. These are given with software, which uses the existing maps for the geological positioning like Germin maps, waypoints etc. A GPS transmitter transmits the signals to the station and to the satellites wherein these signals are retransmitted by the satellite to the ground station i.e. GPSR, this signal is processed and using existing maps it point outs the position of the Transmitted object on earth in terms of Longitude, latitude and altitude.
Existing System
In existing system of GPS we have many tarn receivers from different vendors like Garmin.All these vendors give their own interfacing techniques with the PC and by the way these vendors also give software with their GPS which is compatible with Tran receivers family of their own kind. The maps that have downloaded from not are found to be very costly and they found very cumbersome with software.
The Global positioning system is a space based radio positioning, navigation and time transfer system which operates at all times of the day, under all weather conditions and everywhere on or near Earth.
When an object capable of sending information periodically about its longitude, latitude and altitude, position is expelled from a launcher and is made to hit a particular place, it follows a curved path. Using the signal from satellite, the Global Positioning System receiver placed on the launched object calculates the position of the object in terms of latitude and longitude and the transmitter will transmit this information periodically. The receiver on the ground station collects this information up to 2/3rd of the path. 1/3rd of the path is not received due to the data page link non-availability. Using this GPS driver programmer has to determine a most accurate path of the object and a accurate time, speed and position. The driver must be developed in such a way that must give the actual path and other parameters for position with minimum error. To get correct position for these data, several readings are taken.
GPS consists of three segments viz., space, control and the user. The space segment is the set of 24 satellites orbiting the earth once in 12 hours in six orbital planes with four satellites in each orbital plane. Control segment based at four locations on the earth monitors and controls the satellites. User segment is the Global Positioning System Receivers (GPSR) used by large number users all over the world. GPSR provides accurate and absolute position, velocity and time. Many vendors give this GPSR, each got their own interfacings with PC, for data transfer for measure of accurate position. A GPS Transmitter transmits the signals to the station and to the satellites wherein these signals are retransmitted by the satellite to the ground station i.e. GPSR, this signal is processed and using existing maps it point outs the position of the Transmitted object on earth in terms of Longitude, latitude and altitude. In this project we are designing a general interfacing circuit with a microcontroller which interface with PC using RS 232 cable, and separate map detection software is written wherein it point outs the object on the created map.
Global Positioning System
The basic assumption in GPS navigation is that the positions of the GPS satellites are Known at any given instant of time (by the GPS control segment) and that the timing and SV orbit/clock information can be transmitted to the user equipment (GPS receiver).
GPS Control Segment
The basic assumption in GPS navigation is that the positions of the GPS satellites are known at any given instant of time (by the GPS control segment) AND that the timing and SV orbit/clock information can be transmitted to the user equipment (GPS receiver).
The satellite orbits must be monitored continuously because the orbits change:
• Earth is not spherical and the mass distribution is uneven
• Third-body gravity from Sun and Moon
• Solar radiation pressure (photon impulses)
• Earth’s tidal variations
• Signal transmit times from at least 4 satellites
• Satellite orbit parameters, clock corrections, ionospheric corrections etc.
The GPS Control Segment is responsible for monitoring the satellite signals and uploading the relevant information to satellites.
GPS Satellites
The GPS Operational Constellation consists of 24 satellites 21 navigational Selective Availability and 3 active spares orbit the earth in 12 hour orbits at a distance of 20200 km from the earth surface. Those 24 satellites are the guaranteed minimum. Usually there are more active satellites – currently 29.The orbits repeat approximately the same ground track (as the earth turns beneath them) once each day. The orbit altitude is such that the satellites repeat the same track and configuration over any point approximately each 24 hours (4 minutes earlier each day).
There are six orbital planes (with nominally four SVs in each), equally spaced (60 degrees apart), and inclined at about 55 degrees with respect to the equatorial plane.
This constellation provides the user with between 5 and 11 SVs visible from any unobstructed point on the earth enabling global positioning. The 24 satellites that make up the GPS space segment are orbiting the earth about 12,000 miles above us. These satellites are traveling at speeds of roughly 7,000 miles an hour. GPS satellites are powered by solar energy. They have backup batteries onboard to keep them running in the event of a solar eclipse, when there's no solar power. Small rocket boosters on each satellite keep them flying in the correct path.
Here are some other interesting facts about the GPS satellites (also called NAVSTAR, the official U.S. Department of Defense name for GPS).The first GPS satellite was launched in 1978. A full constellation of 24 satellites was achieved in 1994. Each satellite is built to last about 10 years. Replacements are constantly being built and launched into orbit. A GPS satellite weighs approximately 2,000 pounds and is about 17 feet across with the solar panels extended. Transmitter power is only 50 watts or less. GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a very precise orbit and transmit signal information to earth. GPS receivers take this information and use triangulation to calculate.