PRESENTED BY:
MANU NAIR

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INTRODUCTION
• Growing needs of mankind-Rapid Development.
• Rapid advancement in computer technology will lose its momentum when silicon chip reaches its full capacity & miniaturization
• Solving complex problems which today's supercomputers are unable to perform in stipulated period of time.
WHAT COULD BE A REMEDY TO THIS CONCERN?????
What is Biological Computer?
• Biological Computers are computers which use synthesized biological components to store and manipulate data analogous to processes in the human body.
• The result is small yet faster computer that operates with great accuracy.
• Main biological component used in a Biological Computer is :
What is DNA?
• DNA Stands for DeOxyRiboNucleic Acid.
• A hereditary material found in almost all living organisms.
• Located inside the nucleus of a cell.
• Helps in long term storage of information.
• Information in DNA is stored as a code made of four chemical bases (A,T,G & C).
• Order & sequence of these bases determine the kind of information stored.
Structure of DNA
• The two strands of DNA molecule are anti parallel where each strand runs in opposite direction
• Complementary base pairs
Adenine(A) & Thymine(T)
Guanine(G) & Cytosine©.
• Two strands are held together by weak hydrogen bonds between the base pairs.
• Graphical Representation of Inherent Bonding Properties
of
DNA
What is a DNA Computer?
DNA Computers are small, fast and highly efficient computers which includes the following properties:-
• Dense data storage.
• Massively parallel computation.
• Extraordinary energy efficiency.
How Dense is the Data Storage?
• with bases spaced at 0.35 nm along DNA, data density is over a million Gbits/inch compared to 7 Gbits/inch in typical high performance HDD.
• Check this out………..
• Some Facts…
 This image shows 1 gram of DNA on a CD. The CD can hold 800 MB of data.
 The 1 gram of DNA can hold about 1x1014 MB of data.
 The number of CDs required to hold this amount of information, lined up edge to edge, would circle the Earth 375 times, and would take 1630 centuries to listen to.
How Enormous is the Parallelism?
• A test tube of DNA can contain trillions of strands. Each operation on a test tube of DNA is carried out on all strands in the tube in parallel !
• Check this out……. We Typically use
How Extraordinary is the Energy Efficiency?
• Modern supercomputers only operate at 109 operations per joule.
• Adleman figured his computer was running
2 x 1019 operations per joule.
Adleman-
Inventor of Biological Computers
• His article released in 1994,described how to use DNA to solve a well-known mathematical problem, called the directed Hamilton Path problem.
• Goal of the problem is to find the shortest route between a number of cities, going through each city only once. As you add more cities to the problem, the problem becomes more difficult.
Steps in Adleman’s Experiment
 Strands of DNA represent the seven cities. In genes, genetic coding is represented by the letters A, T, C and G. Some sequence of these four letters represented each city and possible flight path.
 These molecules are then mixed in a test tube, with some of these DNA strands sticking together. A chain of these strands represents a possible answer.
 Within a few seconds, all of the possible combinations of DNA strands, which represent answers, are created in the test tube.
 Adleman eliminates the wrong molecules through chemical reactions, which leaves behind only the flight paths that connect all seven cities.
Hamilton Path Problem
(also known as the travelling salesperson problem)
• Encode each city with complementary base - vertex molecules
Sydney - TTAAGG
Perth - AAAGGG
Melbourne - GATACT
Brisbane - CGGTGC
Alice Spring - CGTCCA
Darwin - CCGATG
• Encode all possible paths using the complementary base – edge molecules
Sydney à Melbourne – AGGGAT
Melbourne à Sydney – ACTTTA
Melbourne à Perth – ACTGGG
etc…
• Merge vertex molecules and edge molecules.
All complementary base will adhere to each other to form a long chains of DNA molecules
• Select a path that starts with proper city and ends with final city.
• Select paths with correct number of cities.
• Select path which contains each city only once.
• The solution is a double helix molecule:
Hence Adleman proved DNA can be used to solve complex problems……….
• Conventional vs. Biological Computers
Applications
• Can be a general purpose tool for a variety of problems
• Many possible applications:
 Pattern recognition
 Cryptography
 Evaluating gene sequence
• Medical Application: ‘developing disease’ treatments such as cancer
• Taiwan introduced the world's first DNA authentication chip & was used for national identification cards in order to crack down on frauds using fake ID cards.