Please send me details about embedded system to detect human beings buried alive during earthquake[/size]
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embedded system to detect human beings buried alive during earthquake-need details
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Please send me details about embedded system to detect human beings buried alive during earthquake[/size]
02-01-2010, 07:54 PM
A human being presence detection system automatically determines the presence of human beings without directly attaching sensors to the human body and detects human drowsiness.human beings are detected using data obtained from pressure transducers in the space of interest.The pressure signals are processed by a novel signal processing algorithm to determine the presence or absence of a human being. different types of pressure transducers are used. It can be used for the rescue of military personnel or of persons trapped under rubble of earthquake remnants, behind barriers, within building, etc.
Operation
the detection system can do remote operation of some reliable featured movement of the human body or its parts.The heartbeat signal inside the human body which propagate to the body surface and then generate a shock wave around the body, can be used as evidence of the presence of a human being. This shockwave that travels through the body is called ballistocardiogram.Ballistocardiogram is measured either with a sensor that is directly in contact with the human body or with a sensor that is not in direct contact with the body. similarly detectable parameter is Human breathing. A novel non-linear short-term frequency-selective energy distribution method is used to detect the presence of heartbeat and breathing signals embedded in the measured data in view of the noisy environment considerations.
The system accepts data from pressure transducers located in an area of interest.Presence of heartbeat or breath is detected after applying the short-term non-linear frequency-selective energy distribution method. Thus it forms a system for detecting the presence and absence of human beings in any reasonably enclosed space.
The system applied for enclosed space:
pressure transducers are chosen and plaed carefully so that the human heartbeat and breathing signal will be recorded, and with the non-linear short-term frequency-selective energy distribution method disclosed herein, the presence of human beings is detected.
Data Acquisition :
the ballistocardiogram propagates through the human body, through the media between the human body and the measurement transducer, and is eventually recorded by the transducer.the rubble surface or the glass pane window in search and rescue applications; or the earth or the outer wall in search and capture applications are the typical media between the human body and the measurement transducer. the locate and rescue or capture applications use geophones, fiber-optic probes, laser vibrometers, microwave radiometers etc as sensors.
Human Being Presence Detection Algorithm :
The data recorded will vary considerably .There are several categories of data fusion methods based on the stage at which the fusion is performed, namely, signal-based, feature-based and decision-based.decision-based fusion is the method is favoured because he sensors in the present detection setting are conditionally independent in their sensing capability.
full report pdf download:
[attachment=1007]
Operation
the detection system can do remote operation of some reliable featured movement of the human body or its parts.The heartbeat signal inside the human body which propagate to the body surface and then generate a shock wave around the body, can be used as evidence of the presence of a human being. This shockwave that travels through the body is called ballistocardiogram.Ballistocardiogram is measured either with a sensor that is directly in contact with the human body or with a sensor that is not in direct contact with the body. similarly detectable parameter is Human breathing. A novel non-linear short-term frequency-selective energy distribution method is used to detect the presence of heartbeat and breathing signals embedded in the measured data in view of the noisy environment considerations.
The system accepts data from pressure transducers located in an area of interest.Presence of heartbeat or breath is detected after applying the short-term non-linear frequency-selective energy distribution method. Thus it forms a system for detecting the presence and absence of human beings in any reasonably enclosed space.
The system applied for enclosed space:
pressure transducers are chosen and plaed carefully so that the human heartbeat and breathing signal will be recorded, and with the non-linear short-term frequency-selective energy distribution method disclosed herein, the presence of human beings is detected.
Data Acquisition :
the ballistocardiogram propagates through the human body, through the media between the human body and the measurement transducer, and is eventually recorded by the transducer.the rubble surface or the glass pane window in search and rescue applications; or the earth or the outer wall in search and capture applications are the typical media between the human body and the measurement transducer. the locate and rescue or capture applications use geophones, fiber-optic probes, laser vibrometers, microwave radiometers etc as sensors.
Human Being Presence Detection Algorithm :
The data recorded will vary considerably .There are several categories of data fusion methods based on the stage at which the fusion is performed, namely, signal-based, feature-based and decision-based.decision-based fusion is the method is favoured because he sensors in the present detection setting are conditionally independent in their sensing capability.
full report pdf download:
[attachment=1007]
30-03-2010, 11:10 AM
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
A New Revolutionary System To Detect Human Beings Buried Under Earthquake Rubble Using
Microprocessor or Microcontroller
Presented By
S.SYED MOHAMED IKRAM
T.SRINIVASAN
KALASALINGAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY
ABSTRACT
Thousands of persons killed as a cause of earthquake. The above words arenâ„¢t the headlines of the newspaper but daily news everyone come across whenever we go through a newspaper or watching over a TV news.
A personâ„¢s life is precious and meaningful to his loved ones.
We, as responsible Engineers felt a part of society to bring a system to avoid these mishaps. With the meteoric Embedded systems along with microprocessor our designed system in preventing deaths and providing safe guided measures.
A new revolutionary microwave life detection system, which is used to locate human beings buried under earthquake rubble, has been designed. This system operating at certain frequency can remotely detect the breathing and heartbeat signals of human beings buried under earthquake rubble. By proper processing of these signals, the status of the person under trap can be easily judged. The entire process takes place within a few seconds as the system is controlled by a microprocessor (8085) or microcontroller unit.
By advent of this system the world death rate may decrease to greater extent as large percentage of death occur due to earthquake.
We welcome and wish you to a safe journey of this paper.
INTRODUCTION:
At present as we all know the need of the hour is to find an effective method for rescuing people buried under earthquake rubble (or) collapsed building. It has to be done before we experience another quake. Present methods for searching and rescuing victims buried (or) tapped under earthquake rubble are not effective. Taking all the factors in mind, a system, which will be really effective to solve the problem, has been designed.
CHARACTERISTICS:
Soekris net4801, an embedded system targeted at network applications.
1. Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.
2. Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems consist of small, computerized parts within a larger device that serves a more general purpose. For example, the Gibson Robot Guitar features an embedded system for tuning the strings, but the overall purpose of the Robot Guitar is, of course, to play music. Similarly, an embedded system in an automobile provides a specific function as a subsystem of the car itself.
3. The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as firmware, and are stored in read-only memory or Flash memory chips. They run with limited computer hardware resources: little memory, small or non-existent keyboard and/or screen.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:
The basic principle is that when a microwave beam of certain frequency [L (or) S band (or) UHF band] is aimed at a portion of rubble (or) collapsed building under which a person has been trapped, the microwave beam can penetrate through the rubble to reach the person.
When the microwave beam focuses the person, the reflected wave from the personâ„¢s body will be modulated (or) changed by his/her movements, which include breathing and heartbeat. Simultaneously, reflected waves are also received from the collapsed structures.
So, if the reflected waves from the immovable debris are cancelled and the reflected wave from the personâ„¢s body is properly distinguished, the breathing and heartbeat signals can be detected.
By proper processing of these signals, the status of the person under trap can be easily judged. Thus a person under debris can be identified.
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCUIT:
The microwave life detection system has four major components. They are
1. A microwave circuit which generates, amplifies and distributes microwave signals to different microwave components.
2. A microwave controlled clutter cancellation system, which creates an optimal signal to cancel the clutter from the rubble.
3. A dual antenna system, which consists of two antennas, energized sequentially.
4. A laptop computer which controls the microprocessor and acts as the monitor for the output signal.
WORKING FREQUENCY:
The frequency of the microwave falls under two categories, depending on the type and nature of the collapsed building. They are
1. L (or) S band frequency say 1150 MHz
2. UHF band frequency say 450 MHz
Let us see the advantages and disadvantages of both the systems later.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:
The circuit description is as follows:
Phase locked oscillator:
The phase locked oscillator generates a very stable electromagnetic wave say 1150 MHz with output power say 400mW.
Directional coupler 1 (10 dB):
This wave is then fed through a 10 dB directional coupler and a circulator before reaching a radio frequency switch, which energizes the dual antenna system. Also the ten dB directional coupler branches out one-tenth of the wave (40mW) which is then divided equally by a directional coupler 2 (3 dB).
Directional coupler 2 (3 dB):
One output of the 3 dB directional coupler 2 (20mW) drives the clutter cancellation unit. Other output (20mW) serves as a local reference signal for the double balanced mixer.
Antenna system:
The dual antenna system has two antennas, which are energized sequentially by an electronic switch. Each antenna acts separately.
Clutter cancellation system:
The clutter cancellation unit consists of
1. A digitally controlled phase shifter I
2. A fixed attenuator
3. A RF amplifier
4. A digitally controlled attenuator.
WORKING:
Clutter cancellation of the received signal:
The wave radiated by the antenna I penetrates the earthquake rubble to reach the buried person.
The reflected wave received by the antenna 2 consists of a large reflected wave from the rubble and a small-reflected wave from the personâ„¢s body.
The large clutter from the rubble can be cancelled by a clutter-canceling signal.
The small reflected wave from the personâ„¢s body couldnâ„¢t be cancelled by a pure sinusoidal canceling because his/her movements modulate it.
The output of the clutter cancellation circuit is automatically adjusted to be of equal amplitude and opposite phase as that of the clutter from the rubble.
Thus, when the output of the clutter cancellation circuit is combined with the directional coupler 3 (3 dB), the large clutter from the rubble is completely cancelled.
Now, the output of the directional coupler 3 (3 dB) is passed through a directional coupler 4 (6 dB).
One-fourth of the output directed is amplified by a RF pre-amplifier and then mixed with a local reference signal in a double balanced mixer.
Three-fourth of the output is directed by a microwave detector to provide dc output, which serves as the indicator for the degree of the clutter cancellation.
When the settings of the digitally controlled phase shifter and the attenuator are swept the microprocessor control system, the output of the microwave detector varies accordingly.
Demodulation of the clutter cancelled signal:
At the double balanced mixer, the amplified signal of the reflected wave from the personâ„¢s body is mixed with the local reference signal.
The phase of the local reference signal is controlled by another digitally controlled phase shifter 2 for an optimal output from the mixer.
The output of the mixer consists of the breathing and heartbeat signals of the human plus some avoidable noise.
This output is fed through a low frequency amplifier and a band pass filter (0.4 Hz) before displayed on the monitor.
The function of the digitally controlled phase shifter 2 is to control the phase of the local reference signal for the purpose of increasing the system sensitivity.
The reflected signal from the personâ„¢s body after amplification by the pre-amplifier is mixed with the local reference signal in a double balanced mixer.
MICROPROCESSOR CONTROL UNIT:
The algorithm and flowcharts for the antenna system and the clutter cancellation system are as follows:
Antenna system:
1. Initially the switch is kept in position 1 (signal is transmitted through the antenna 1)
2. Wait for some predetermined sending time, Ts
3. Then the switch is thrown to position 2 (signal is received through the
Antenna 2)
4. Wait for some predetermined receiving time, Tr
5. Go to step 1
6. Repeat the above procedure for some predetermined time, T.
Clutter cancellation system:
1. Send the signal to the rubble through antenna 1.
2. Receive the signal from the rubble through antenna 2.
3. Check the detector output. If it is within the predetermined limits go to step 5.
4. Otherwise send the correction signal to the digitally controlled phase shifter 1 and attenuator and go to step 1.
5. Check the sensitivity of the mixer. If the optimum go to step 7.
6. Otherwise send the correction signal to the digitally controlled phase shifter 2 to change the phase and go to step 1.
7. Process the signal and send it to the laptop.
FLOW CHART FOR ANTENNA SYSTEM
FLOW CHART FOR CLUTTER CANCELLATION SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES OF L (OR) S BAND FREQUENCY SYSTEM:
Microwaves of L (or) S band frequency can penetrate the rubble with metallic mesh easier than that of UHF band frequency waves.
ADVANTAGES OF UHF BAND FREQUENCY SYSTEM:
Microwaves of UHF band frequency can penetrate deeper in rubble (without metallic mesh) than that of L (or) S band frequency waves.
FREQUENCY RANGE OF BREATHING AND HEARTBEAT SIGNAL:
The frequency range of heartbeat and breathing signals of human beings lies between 0.2 and 3 Hz.
HIGHLIGHTS:
1. The location of the person under the rubble can be known by calculating the time lapse between the sending time, Ts and receiving time, Tr.
2. Since it will not be possible to continuously watch the system under critical situations, an alarm system has been set, so that whenever the laptop computer system processes the received signal and identifies that there is a human being, the alarm sound starts.
3. Also under critical situations, where living beings other than humans are not required to be found out, the system can detect the signals of other living beings based on the frequency of the breathing and heartbeat signals.
CONCLUSION:
Thus a new sensitive life detection system using microwave radiation for locating human beings buried under earthquake rubble (or) hidden behind various barriers has been designed. This system operating either at L (or) S band, UHF band can detect the breathing and heartbeat signals of human beings buried under earthquake rubble.
A New Revolutionary System To Detect Human Beings Buried Under Earthquake Rubble Using
Microprocessor or Microcontroller
Presented By
S.SYED MOHAMED IKRAM
T.SRINIVASAN
KALASALINGAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLGY
ABSTRACT
Thousands of persons killed as a cause of earthquake. The above words arenâ„¢t the headlines of the newspaper but daily news everyone come across whenever we go through a newspaper or watching over a TV news.
A personâ„¢s life is precious and meaningful to his loved ones.
We, as responsible Engineers felt a part of society to bring a system to avoid these mishaps. With the meteoric Embedded systems along with microprocessor our designed system in preventing deaths and providing safe guided measures.
A new revolutionary microwave life detection system, which is used to locate human beings buried under earthquake rubble, has been designed. This system operating at certain frequency can remotely detect the breathing and heartbeat signals of human beings buried under earthquake rubble. By proper processing of these signals, the status of the person under trap can be easily judged. The entire process takes place within a few seconds as the system is controlled by a microprocessor (8085) or microcontroller unit.
By advent of this system the world death rate may decrease to greater extent as large percentage of death occur due to earthquake.
We welcome and wish you to a safe journey of this paper.
INTRODUCTION:
At present as we all know the need of the hour is to find an effective method for rescuing people buried under earthquake rubble (or) collapsed building. It has to be done before we experience another quake. Present methods for searching and rescuing victims buried (or) tapped under earthquake rubble are not effective. Taking all the factors in mind, a system, which will be really effective to solve the problem, has been designed.
CHARACTERISTICS:
Soekris net4801, an embedded system targeted at network applications.
1. Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.
2. Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems consist of small, computerized parts within a larger device that serves a more general purpose. For example, the Gibson Robot Guitar features an embedded system for tuning the strings, but the overall purpose of the Robot Guitar is, of course, to play music. Similarly, an embedded system in an automobile provides a specific function as a subsystem of the car itself.
3. The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as firmware, and are stored in read-only memory or Flash memory chips. They run with limited computer hardware resources: little memory, small or non-existent keyboard and/or screen.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:
The basic principle is that when a microwave beam of certain frequency [L (or) S band (or) UHF band] is aimed at a portion of rubble (or) collapsed building under which a person has been trapped, the microwave beam can penetrate through the rubble to reach the person.
When the microwave beam focuses the person, the reflected wave from the personâ„¢s body will be modulated (or) changed by his/her movements, which include breathing and heartbeat. Simultaneously, reflected waves are also received from the collapsed structures.
So, if the reflected waves from the immovable debris are cancelled and the reflected wave from the personâ„¢s body is properly distinguished, the breathing and heartbeat signals can be detected.
By proper processing of these signals, the status of the person under trap can be easily judged. Thus a person under debris can be identified.
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCUIT:
The microwave life detection system has four major components. They are
1. A microwave circuit which generates, amplifies and distributes microwave signals to different microwave components.
2. A microwave controlled clutter cancellation system, which creates an optimal signal to cancel the clutter from the rubble.
3. A dual antenna system, which consists of two antennas, energized sequentially.
4. A laptop computer which controls the microprocessor and acts as the monitor for the output signal.
WORKING FREQUENCY:
The frequency of the microwave falls under two categories, depending on the type and nature of the collapsed building. They are
1. L (or) S band frequency say 1150 MHz
2. UHF band frequency say 450 MHz
Let us see the advantages and disadvantages of both the systems later.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:
The circuit description is as follows:
Phase locked oscillator:
The phase locked oscillator generates a very stable electromagnetic wave say 1150 MHz with output power say 400mW.
Directional coupler 1 (10 dB):
This wave is then fed through a 10 dB directional coupler and a circulator before reaching a radio frequency switch, which energizes the dual antenna system. Also the ten dB directional coupler branches out one-tenth of the wave (40mW) which is then divided equally by a directional coupler 2 (3 dB).
Directional coupler 2 (3 dB):
One output of the 3 dB directional coupler 2 (20mW) drives the clutter cancellation unit. Other output (20mW) serves as a local reference signal for the double balanced mixer.
Antenna system:
The dual antenna system has two antennas, which are energized sequentially by an electronic switch. Each antenna acts separately.
Clutter cancellation system:
The clutter cancellation unit consists of
1. A digitally controlled phase shifter I
2. A fixed attenuator
3. A RF amplifier
4. A digitally controlled attenuator.
WORKING:
Clutter cancellation of the received signal:
The wave radiated by the antenna I penetrates the earthquake rubble to reach the buried person.
The reflected wave received by the antenna 2 consists of a large reflected wave from the rubble and a small-reflected wave from the personâ„¢s body.
The large clutter from the rubble can be cancelled by a clutter-canceling signal.
The small reflected wave from the personâ„¢s body couldnâ„¢t be cancelled by a pure sinusoidal canceling because his/her movements modulate it.
The output of the clutter cancellation circuit is automatically adjusted to be of equal amplitude and opposite phase as that of the clutter from the rubble.
Thus, when the output of the clutter cancellation circuit is combined with the directional coupler 3 (3 dB), the large clutter from the rubble is completely cancelled.
Now, the output of the directional coupler 3 (3 dB) is passed through a directional coupler 4 (6 dB).
One-fourth of the output directed is amplified by a RF pre-amplifier and then mixed with a local reference signal in a double balanced mixer.
Three-fourth of the output is directed by a microwave detector to provide dc output, which serves as the indicator for the degree of the clutter cancellation.
When the settings of the digitally controlled phase shifter and the attenuator are swept the microprocessor control system, the output of the microwave detector varies accordingly.
Demodulation of the clutter cancelled signal:
At the double balanced mixer, the amplified signal of the reflected wave from the personâ„¢s body is mixed with the local reference signal.
The phase of the local reference signal is controlled by another digitally controlled phase shifter 2 for an optimal output from the mixer.
The output of the mixer consists of the breathing and heartbeat signals of the human plus some avoidable noise.
This output is fed through a low frequency amplifier and a band pass filter (0.4 Hz) before displayed on the monitor.
The function of the digitally controlled phase shifter 2 is to control the phase of the local reference signal for the purpose of increasing the system sensitivity.
The reflected signal from the personâ„¢s body after amplification by the pre-amplifier is mixed with the local reference signal in a double balanced mixer.
MICROPROCESSOR CONTROL UNIT:
The algorithm and flowcharts for the antenna system and the clutter cancellation system are as follows:
Antenna system:
1. Initially the switch is kept in position 1 (signal is transmitted through the antenna 1)
2. Wait for some predetermined sending time, Ts
3. Then the switch is thrown to position 2 (signal is received through the
Antenna 2)
4. Wait for some predetermined receiving time, Tr
5. Go to step 1
6. Repeat the above procedure for some predetermined time, T.
Clutter cancellation system:
1. Send the signal to the rubble through antenna 1.
2. Receive the signal from the rubble through antenna 2.
3. Check the detector output. If it is within the predetermined limits go to step 5.
4. Otherwise send the correction signal to the digitally controlled phase shifter 1 and attenuator and go to step 1.
5. Check the sensitivity of the mixer. If the optimum go to step 7.
6. Otherwise send the correction signal to the digitally controlled phase shifter 2 to change the phase and go to step 1.
7. Process the signal and send it to the laptop.
FLOW CHART FOR ANTENNA SYSTEM
FLOW CHART FOR CLUTTER CANCELLATION SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES OF L (OR) S BAND FREQUENCY SYSTEM:
Microwaves of L (or) S band frequency can penetrate the rubble with metallic mesh easier than that of UHF band frequency waves.
ADVANTAGES OF UHF BAND FREQUENCY SYSTEM:
Microwaves of UHF band frequency can penetrate deeper in rubble (without metallic mesh) than that of L (or) S band frequency waves.
FREQUENCY RANGE OF BREATHING AND HEARTBEAT SIGNAL:
The frequency range of heartbeat and breathing signals of human beings lies between 0.2 and 3 Hz.
HIGHLIGHTS:
1. The location of the person under the rubble can be known by calculating the time lapse between the sending time, Ts and receiving time, Tr.
2. Since it will not be possible to continuously watch the system under critical situations, an alarm system has been set, so that whenever the laptop computer system processes the received signal and identifies that there is a human being, the alarm sound starts.
3. Also under critical situations, where living beings other than humans are not required to be found out, the system can detect the signals of other living beings based on the frequency of the breathing and heartbeat signals.
CONCLUSION:
Thus a new sensitive life detection system using microwave radiation for locating human beings buried under earthquake rubble (or) hidden behind various barriers has been designed. This system operating either at L (or) S band, UHF band can detect the breathing and heartbeat signals of human beings buried under earthquake rubble.
22-06-2010, 10:26 PM
Hello,
I Liked this Project Idea. Can You Help Me How to do It. Like Circuit Diagram and Other details .
Thanking You
Regards,
Vinutha
30-06-2010, 07:17 PM
i require full detail.including circuit diagram pls help me.
22-12-2010, 06:58 PM
hi..i m interested in dis project idea..can u pls help me out with its circuit diagram...
..can u pls help me out with its circuit diagram...
23-12-2010, 10:15 AM
you please download the attached files for more details. And we are here to help you
07-01-2011, 10:44 AM
bindhya104arun,
what you want on this topic?
what you want on this topic?
i need a full 30 papers document onA NEW REVOLUTIONARY SYSTEM
TO DETECT HUMAN BEINGS BURIED UNDER EARTHQUAKE RUBBLE
TO DETECT HUMAN BEINGS BURIED UNDER EARTHQUAKE RUBBLE
11-02-2012, 10:35 AM
to get information about the topic DETECT HUMAN BEINGS BURIED UNDER EARTHQUAKE USING EMBEDDED MICROCONTROLLER full report ,ppt and related topic refer the page link bellow
http://studentbank.in/report-detect-huma...controller
http://studentbank.in/report-embedded-sy...ed-details
http://studentbank.in/report-detect-huma...controller
http://studentbank.in/report-embedded-sy...ed-details
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