effects of fungicides and weedicides on soil components

Physical and chemical properties of soil composition of soil organic matter. Soil micro-organisms and their functions, degradation of different insectisides, fungicides and weedicides in soil, their effects on soil components, residual toxicity and pollution. Different kinds of synthetic fertilizer (N, P and K) and their interactions with different components of soil. Losses of these substances due to volatilization, leaching and microbial immobulation, their toxicity and pollution. Industrial effluents of different kinds, their interactions with soil components, problems of toxic heavy metals and pollution. Contamination of radionuclides. Sources and generation of solid waste, their nature and chemical composition. Their characterization and classification. Different methods of dispersal and management of solid wastes. Recycling of waste materials.