give me proper presentation on conductometric instrumentationz
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Conductometry is a measure of electrolytic conductivity to monitor the progress of the chemical reaction. Conductometry has a notable application in analytical chemistry, where conductometric titration is a standard technique. In the usual practice of analytical chemistry, the term conductometry is used as a synonym for conductometric titration, while the term conductimetry is used to describe non-titrant applications. Conductometry is often applied to determine the total conductance of a solution or to analyze the end point of titrations including ions.
Conductive measures began as early as the 18th century, when Andreas Baumgartner noticed that the salt and mineral waters of Bad Gastein in Austria led the electricity. As such, the use of conductometry to determine the purity of water, which is often used today to test the effectiveness of water purification systems, began in 1776. Friedrich Kohlrausch developed conductometry in the 1860s when applied Alternating current to water, acids and other solutions. It was also at this time that Willis Whitney, who was studying the interactions of sulfuric acid and chromium sulfate complexes, found the first conductometric endpoint. These findings culminated in potentiometric titrations and the first instrument for the volumetric analysis of Robert Behrend in 1883, while titrating chloride and bromide with HgNO3. This development allowed to test the solubility of the salts and the concentration of hydrogen ions, as well as acid / base and redox titrations. Conductometry was improved with the development of the glass electrode, which began in 1909.