Prepared by:
Waleed Al-Shemaimry

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1. When the caller start the call the electro magnetic field transmit from his mobile antenna which received by the closest base station “BS”.
2. Then the signal transmit from the BS to the switching center “SC” in order to check the authentication of the caller and receiver.
3. After that the SC will transmit the signal to the closest BS in the receiver side
4. Next the BS is going to transmit electro magnetic waive which should be received be the receiver mobile antenna.
5. Finally after the receiver open the line the two way communication connection establish between two persons.
1. Cell phone radiation is transmitted by cell phone antenna in all directions
2. Most of the energy lost in the space
3. Part of the energy received by base station
4. part of the energy is incident on human head
Electro magnetic signal transmit from cell phone antenna
Note: The increased use of cell phones has brought about serious concerns regarding the probable health hazards. This is because mobile phones use electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range.
Maximum Power Transmit
 The Federal Communications Commission sets specific absorption rate “SAR” standard which is acceptable power radiation for cell phones must not exceed 1.6 W/KG
 The lower the SAR the better the phone, from a potential health hazard
Radiation Penetration in the head of an adult, ten-year and five-year old
When radiation hits the head, it penetrates the skull. The pictures above are the result of an experiment show how radiation penetrates the skull of an adult (25%), 10 year old (50%) and a 5 year old (75%). The younger the child the deeper the penetration due to the fact their skulls are thinner and their brains contain more fluid than adults’. Radio frequencies travel through children’s brains much more easily and therefore increase the risk of cancer.