BAR CODE TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
#1

PRESENTED BY:
ANUPAM KUMAR

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BAR CODE TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
BAR CODE TECHNOLOGY

• It is an automatic identification technology
• Bar code is a predefined format of dark bars and white spaces
• Structured to contain a specific piece of information
• It allows real-time data to be collected accurately and rapidly
• Combination of barcode technology with computer and application software improves performance, productivity and profitability
Magnification??
Barcodes are based on a 100% magnification.
The EAN13 standard allows for 80-200% to the nominal magnification.
Basically, the bigger the better!
Why use barcodes?
 When barcodes are used in the business process, procedures are automated to increase productivity and reduce human error.
 Whenever there is a need to accurately identify or track something, bar-coding should be used.
 Instead of manually typing a customer identification number into a database, if the information is contained in a barcode, a data entry operator may scan it in. This would increase automation and reduce human error.
How Bar Codes are Read?
 Bar codes are read by sweeping a small spot of light across the printed bar code symbol.
 The scanner’s light source is being absorbed by the dark bars and reflected by the light spaces.
 A device in the scanner takes the reflected light and converts it into an electrical signal.
BAR CODE SCANNERS
 A device used to extract information optically from a Bar Code.
 Bar Code symbol consists of series of vertical dark bars separated by light spaces.
 When illuminated reflected light is detected by electro optical sensor.
 The intensity of reflected light from the dark bars is less than that of spaces.
SCANNERS
 Reflected light is converted into electrical voltage signals
 Analog voltages are digitized into raw data
 The decoder converts this data into the character data representation of the symbol’s code
APPLICATIONS …
 ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE (EDI)
 Direct communication between computers of two companies (Manufacturer & Vendor)
 Industry-wide EDI standards
 Reduces cost and saves time of business transaction
 RETAIL APPLICATIONS
 Super markets
 Counter-mounted Bar Code scanners
 Universal Product Code (UPC)
 Price and description information
 WARE HOUSING
 HEALTH CARE APPLICATIONS
 Drugs, devices, instruments
 Identification of expiry date
 Blood banking
 Blood group
 Expiry date
 Donor traceability
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#2
Submitted by
ANUPAM KUMAR.

[attachment=12283]
BAR CODE TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Barcode technology has been emerged as one of the most useful technology for the representation of data, which shows certain data on certain products. This technology is a proven technology in use for more than last 30 years.
A bar code doesn't contain descriptive data. Just as our social security number doesn't contain our name or address, a bar code is just a reference number that a computer uses to look up an associated record that contains descriptive data and other important information. It allows real-time data to be collected accurately and rapidly .
Bar codes are just a different way of encoding numbers and letters by using a combination of bars and spaces of varying widths. It has got vast applications in grocery stores, hospitals, department stores, on farms and also even in our own home.
1. INTRODUCTION
 A barcode is an optical machine-readable representation of data, which shows certain data on certain products.
 A bar code doesn't contain descriptive data. Just as our social security number doesn't contain our name or address, a bar code is just a reference number that a computer uses to look up an associated record that contains descriptive data and other important information.
 Bar Codes have infiltrated every fact of our lives. We'll find them in grocery stores, hospitals, department stores, on farms, even in our own home.
 Bar coding is a proven technology in use for more than last 30 years and finds large scale acceptance as the best possible method of accurate and faster data entry into the user’s system.
 Bar codes are just a different way of encoding numbers and letters by using a combination of bars and spaces of varying widths. We can think of them as another way of writing since they replace key data entry as a method of gathering data. In business, the correct use of bar codes can reduce inefficiencies and improve a company's productivity thereby growing their bottom line.
 All bar codes have start/stop characters that allow the bar code to be read from both left to right and right to left. Unique characters placed at both the beginning and end of each bar code, the stop/start characters provide timing references, symbology identification, and direction of read information to the scanner. By convention, the unique character on the left of the bar code is considered the "start" and the character on the right of the bar code is considered the "stop".
 Immediately preceding the start character and following the stop character is an area of no markings called the quiet zone. Because there is no printing in this area, a scanning signal is not produced, thus the term "quiet." The quiet zone helps the scanner find the leading edge of the bar code so reading can begin. As a rule, the quiet zone should be ten times the "X" dimension or 1/4", whichever is greater.
 Putting all these components together, we get a complete bar code such as the one found below. Notice the leading quiet zone followed by a start character, data, a stop character, and a final quiet zone.
2. Bar Code Scanners
Barcode scanner is a device, which is used to read the barcode and decode the bar coded data to a PC or Host system. One of the most common methods of reading barcodes is by use of the hand held barcode scanner. The barcode scanners have built-in decoders and can read several different barcode types.
Most of the scanners receive their power from the PC keyboard or USB port so no external power supply is required. In case of serial connectivity (RS232), the external power supply is required since no power is available through RS232 port.
 CONVERSION OF SYMBOLS TO ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
3. Scanners Classification
The barcode scanners come in various varieties depending upon application requirements.
 From technology point of view, the scanners are mainly of three types:
(i) CCD readers
(ii) Laser readers
(iii) Digital readers
(i) Charge coupled device (CCD) readers
CCD readers use an array of hundreds of tiny light sensors lined up in a row in the head of the reader. Each sensor measures the intensity of the light immediately in front of it. Each individual light sensor in the CCD reader is extremely small and because there are hundreds of sensors lined up in a row, a voltage pattern identical to the pattern in a bar code is generated in the reader by sequentially measuring the voltages across each sensor in the row. The important difference between a CCD reader and a pen or laser scanner is that the CCD reader is measuring emitted ambient light from the bar code whereas pen or laser scanners are measuring reflected light of a specific frequency originating from the scanner itself.
(ii) Laser scanners
Laser scanners work the same way as pen type readers except that they use a laser beam as the light source and typically employ either a reciprocating mirror or a rotating prism to scan the laser beam back and forth across the bar code. As with the pen type reader, a photodiode is used to measure the intensity of the light reflected back from the bar code.
In both pen readers and laser scanners, the light emitted by the reader is rapidly varied in brightness with a data pattern and the photodiode receive circuitry is designed to detect only signals with the same modulated pattern.
(iv) Digital scanners
Two-dimensional imaging scanners are the fourth and newest type of bar code reader. They use a camera to capture an image of a bar code. The reader then uses sophisticated digital image processing techniques to decode the bar code.
 From application point of view scanners are mainly of 4 types:
(i) Fixed scanners
(ii) Key board wedge readers
(iii) Serial bar code Scanners
(iv) USB scanners
(i) Fixed scanners
 MS 911
The Micro scan 911 is the fastest compact fixed position barcode scanner in the market. Capable of decoding 2,000 scans/second, the MS 911 delivers a decode rate unmatched among small fixed mount scanners. Its compact size and shape allows for flexible mounting and positioning and is easily integrated into existing machinery. Internal diagnostic tools monitor operating conditions and sends user-defined messages to alert the operator when thresholds have been exceeded.
(ii) Keyboard wedges Readers
With the popularity of the PC and its standard keyboard interface, it became ever easier to connect physical hardware to a PC and so there was commercial demand similarly to reduce the complexity of the associated software. "Keyboard wedge" hardware plugged between the PC and its normal keyboard, with characters from the barcode scanner appearing exactly as if they had been typed at the keyboard. This made the addition of simple barcode reading abilities to existing programs very easy, without any need to change them, although it did require some care by the user and could be restrictive in the content of the barcodes that could be handled.
(iii) Serial Bar Code Scanners
(iv) USB Scanners
Later barcode readers began to use USB connectors rather than the keyboard port, as this became a more convenient hardware option. To retain the easy integration with existing programs, a device driver called a "software wedge" could be used, to emulate the keyboard-impersonating behaviour of the old "keyboard wedge" hardware.In many cases a choice of USB interface types (HID, CDC) are provided. Some have Powered USB.
4. Reading of Bar Codes
Bar codes are read by sweeping a small spot of light across the printed bar code symbol. our eyes only see a thin red line emitted from the laser scanner. But what’s happening is that the scanner’s light source is being absorbed by the dark bars and reflected by the light spaces. A device in the scanner takes the reflected light and converts it into an electrical signal. The scanner’s laser (light source) starts to read the bar code at a white space (the quiet zone) before the first bar and continues passing by the last bar, ending in the white space which follows it. Because a bar code cannot be read if the sweep wanders outside the symbol area, bar heights are chosen to make it easy to keep the sweep within the bar code area. The longer the information to be coded, the longer the bar code needed. And as the length increases, so does the height of the bars and spaces to be read.
5. Allocation of numbers to the Bar Code
890 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
Company prefix Item no. CD
COMPANY PREFIX (7/8/9 digit)
• this is allocated by GS1 India depending on the product manufactured/distributed
• Enables product identification worldwide in terms of
(a) the country of GS1 membership (b) the company
ITEM NUMBER (3/4/5 digit)
• GS1 member uses this to number each product and its variant.
CHECK DIGIT (1 digit)
• Calculated using preceding digits
• Verified when scanned
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