22-03-2011, 03:52 PM
PRESENTED BY:
Chetan Bhardwaj
Divya Ashdhir
Gurdeep Singh Wadhwa
Divita Shrivastava
Kanika Chourasia
Monika Khatri
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INTRODUCTION
This is an approach to solve the problem that occurs when a person loses any part of their body permanently, and as we all know that like some of the animals, human beings do not possess the ability to reconstruct their body parts.
This Robotic Arm works on the Galvanic Response of the human body, as the movement of body occurs the response of the body towards the current becomes different because of the change in the response of body resistance. Due to this response of the skin and the muscle tissue to the external and the internal stimuli, the resistance can vary. When correctly calibrated, the galvanic skin response can measure these subtle differences.
There is a relationship between a sympathetic activity and an emotional arousal, although one cannot identify a specific emotion being elicited. The GSR is highly sensitive to some emotions in people. By using this concept we can calibrate, this arm to the Human body.
This arm is not just a simple robo-arm it has embedded sensors that makes this more similar to the actual arm of a man. This gives information about the hot , the cold and strength. This also connects to all the essential Electrical controls of home, office and all these sensors and the arm have a wireless communication system say infrared, Bluetooth or Any other wireless system.
The Components having all the above functionality are available in the market at very cheap rates. It is more sensible and easy to design and manufacture. As per the market research, about what previously has been done with these types of projects, some of them sound very good because they use neural technology for developing this type of arm & that arm is controlled by human thoughts.
In a first look, this seems to be the better option for these types of projects, but when we go for technicalities about this, it uses very complex technology for bionic arm and even is not working perfectly, a lot of research is going on that type of project. Anyways functionality and perfection depends on the economic condition of the patient because the above mentioned one costs around 1000000$ which is a huge amount for a common person, but our arm costs very less as compared to this one.
BIONICS AND HISTORY
The Merging of Humans and Machines Bionics is a science that blends nature, engineering, and technology. They are most commonly used for things like artificial limbs and in some cases, organs.
Some of the most common include cochlear implants (bionic ears), knee replacements, hip replacements, and pacemakers. In future, scientists hope to develop bionic limbs that are as good as or even better than natural ones.
Bionics, broadly defined, is the application of the understanding of biological functions to solve engineering problems. The Studies of a bird’s flight, for example, have been used to design aircraft. Similarly, Research in bionics has led to the development of functional aids for humans.
In 1928 Philip Drinker and Louis A. Shaw of the Harvard School of Public Health designed the iron lung to allow poliomyelitis patients to breathe. Denton Cooley in 1969 and Robert Jarvik in 1982 and 1984 devised artificial hearts for temporary use.
Bionics has also contributed to the designs of prostheses. The 1961 Nobel Prize winner for physiology or medicine, Georg von Békésy, discovered the mechanisms of stimulation of the inner ear, which enabled the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company to develop the cochlear implant in 1973, bringing varying degrees of hearing to the totally deaf. In the late 1980s, U.S. scientists studied the neural systems in order to aid paralysis victims, people with artificial limbs, and the blind. Kendall D. Wise and David J. Edell experimented with devices that could detect neural commands and transform them into electronic commands to produce movement in paralyzed limbs. In the early 1990s Robert Birge of Syracuse University experimented with protein extracted from a saltwater bacterium to develop an artificial eye, and Carver Mead at the California Institute of Technology worked on producing an all-electronic silicon retina.
OBJECTIVE
Bionic devices, including bionic arms, have been in the realm of science fiction for quite some time. So, we have used the idea that lost limb replacement should be possible and as easily accessible as a cough treatment. In this project we are going to reconstruct an arm of human, Not by any biological mean but by using simple robotic technology available, but in a different way that is more efficient & has a synchronization with today’s technology.
DEVICE DESIGN AND WORKING
AS we have already stated that the main functionality of this arm depends on galvanic response of skin.
Galvanic skin response (GSR), also known as electro dermal response (EDR), psycho galvanic reflex (PGR), or skin conductance response (SCR), is a method of measuring the electrical resistance of the skin. There has been a long history of electrodermal activity research, most of it dealing with spontaneous fluctuations. This product takes galvanic skin response as input for the product and according to these gives movements.
To measure this response we have to design a circuit having electrodes and a powerful amplifier using operation amplifier, this amplifier is used to amplify a very weak signal to a signal having strength that is easily sensible and evaluable for decision making. All this data is fed to a microcontroller unit according to the predefined conditions and the data coming from galvanic response meter devic will move the servo motors connected to this microcontroller unit.
The muscle re-innervations procedure allows the re-routed nerves to grow into the chest muscle and direct the signals they once sent to the amputated arm instead to the robotic arm via surface electrodes, to increase functionality of this robotic arm, we connect this to the sensors like lm35 for detection of hot and cold. We can use one or more microcontrollers for this, it depends on the type of microcontroller used, also the count of servo motors depends on the functionality as much as we require and also on the cost, but minimum requirement for this is 5 motors for the basic hand mechanism.
The most important thing is to program the microcontroller in accordance to the output it gets from the Galvanic skin response (GSR); it is not much hard and can be done by using winavr (for avr series).
As we know that one servo motor can move a weight up to 1.5kilo gram (normally) so the combo of 5 can easily move one arm and some load associated to it.
In class of performance, this would be at better standing because it uses most of the tested technologies, anyways its performance also depends on the user’s comfort. Its performance on the basis of efficiency is good and it can be able to pick a load at least 1kilo gram.
If we go for the advantage of this product on the existing technology, so firstly the most important thing is its cost effectiveness and it has almost same accuracy as the others, it also has temperature sensing and can make wireless connection to other devices.
As in the figure each movement require a servo motor, so its cost depends on the movements.
The Above figure shows a diagram of the bionic arm that we have proposed and made. This is only the figure manic design of this arm to show how it is.
The degree of freedom, or DOF, is a very important term to understand. Each degree of freedom is a joint on the arm, a place where it can bend or rotate or translate.
You can typically identify the number of degrees of freedom by the number of actuators on the robot arm. Now this is very important, when building a robotic arm, the person wants as few degrees of freedom as required for any application, because each degree requires a MOTOR often an encoder, and exponentially complicates algorithms and cost.
After making all these, our team has made an internal structure of the bionic arm, this is just same as our bones and muscles without the skin.
We use acrylic plastic for making the outer shell for this project and also a mechanism to carry this system which is attachable to human body.
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
In INDIA we have a lot of accidents happening & a lot of people losing their limbs or arm ,this product will help them to make their life more functional and complete even after losing an important body part. There are numerous customers who are waiting for this type of product at less cost.
Many health corporations want this product for mass production. There is not much cost needed for the establishment of the plant for this product so this product soon will be available in market.
