Valve timing is the regulation of the points in the combustion cycle, at which the valves are set to open and close. Since the valves require a finite period of time in which to open or close without abruptness, a slight lead-time is always necessary for proper operation. The design of the valve-operating cam provides for the smooth transition from one position to the other, while the cam setting determines the timing of the valve.

In a typical four-stroke engine, the inlet valve is set to open before TDC (top dead centre), towards the end o ....etc

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Display devices form an important group of devices in the electro industry. With the evolution of high definition TV (HDTV), video conferencing and other advancements in video applications, their importance is increasing. Traditionally cathode ray tubes (CRTs) are used in display devices. But the industry is searching for devices with high resolution and fill ratios that cannot be achieved in CRTs. LCDs can be use an alternative but they are not cost effective. An entirely new type of devices based on Grating Light Valve technology solves all t ....etc

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please give me materal related to slides on swing equation

thanks and regards
poocho ....etc

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In a world of ubiquitous presence of electrons can you imagine any other field displacing it? It may seem peculiar, even absurd, but with the advent of spintronics it is turning into reality.

In our conventional electronic devices we use semi conducting materials for logical operation and magnetic materials for storage, but spintronics uses magnetic materials for both purposes. These spintronic devices are more versatile and faster than the present one. One such device is spin valve transistor.

Spin valve transistor is different from conv ....etc

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A ball valve (like the butterfly valve, one of a family of valves called quarter turn valves) is a valve that opens by turning a handle attached to a ball inside the valve. The ball has a hole, or port, through the middle so that when the port is in line with both ends of the valve, flow will occur. When the valve is closed, the hole is perpendicular to the ends of the valve, and flow is blocked. The handle position lets you 'see' the valve's position.

Ball valves are durable and usually work to achieve perfect shutoff even after years of di ....etc

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The present day requirement for high performance from a medium power engine has resulted in generally higher maximum crank shaft speeds, typically in the region 5500 ? 6000 rpm. This can be explained by recalling the factors governing the power output of an engine since, if neither piston displacement nor mean effective pressure can be further increased. Then the only other way to raise the maximum power is to permit higher crank shaft speeds. For this reason it becomes increasingly more important to avoid erratic operation of valves. As a resu ....etc

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Three is the starting point and End point is 5 .



Soil Improvement


Improvement is the basic law , principle and requirement of nature and structures (Both civil structures and civil society structures i.e. human beings )
from any point of view , for the well-being of all the three, improvement of soil is required as we want to have a safe, efficient, durable and economical structure.


The simplest method to solve a triangle is to adjust ....etc

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ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH WITH VALVE-POINT EFFECT USING ARTIFICIAL BEE COLONY ALGORITHM



INTRODUCTION
the economic load dispatch is an important real time
problem, in properly allocating the real power demand
among the online generating units. Traditional optimization
techniques such as the lambda iteration method, gradient
method, the linear programming method and Newton’s
method are used to solve the ED problem with monotonically
increasing cost f ....etc

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A gate valve is a valve that opens by lifting a round or rectangular gate out of the path of the fluid. The distinct feature of a gate valve is the sealing surfaces between the gate and seats are planar. The gate faces can form a wedge shape or they can be parallel. Gate valves are sometimes used for regulating flow, but many are not suited for that purpose, having been designed to be fully opened or closed. When fully open, the typical gate valve has no obstruction in the flow path, resulting in very low friction loss.


Gate valves are cha ....etc

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A Butterfly valve is a type of flow control device, used to make a fluid start or stop flowing through a section of pipe. The valve is similar in operation to a ball valve. A flat circular plate is positioned in the center of the pipe. The plate has a rod through it connected to a handle on the outside of the valve. Rotating the handle turns the plate either parallel or perpendicular to the flow of water, shutting off the flow. It is a very robust and reliable design. However, unlike the ball valve, the plate does not rotate out of the flow of ....etc

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